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To be able to represent more characters. With 1-byte (8-bit) characters, you can only use 256 different characters. In order to be able to use more characters, the Unicode system - used by Java and many other modern programming language - uses larger characters. In Unicode, over a million characters can be defined; this makes it possible to encode not just Latin characters (the characters used in English) and the same Latin characters with lots of diacriticals (special symbols, for example, á, é, ñ, ü, etc.), but also characters in other languages, such as Russian, Chinese, or even Klingon.
In the case of Java, the standard size of a character is 16 bits (or 2 bytes). In theory, this makes it possible to represent only about 65,000 different characters, but by using some 2-character pairs (4 bytes in total), the entire Unicode set can be represented.
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