Aksum

 

or Axum (both: äksūm') , town (1994 pop. 27,148), Tigray region, N Ethiopia. Aksum was the capital of an empire (c.1st–8th cent. A.D.) that controlled much of what is now N Ethiopia. In the 4th cent. the emperor Ezana was converted to Christianity, and today Aksum is a major center of Ethiopian Christianity. The Ark of the Covenant is said to have been brought there from Jerusalem in Solomon's time and placed in the church of St. Mary of Zion, where Ethiopia's emperors were later crowned. The town is also noted for its gigantic carved pre-Christian obelisks, and there is an extensive underground royal necropolis.

Aksum*
UNESCO World Heritage Site
State Party	Ethiopia
Type	Cultural
Criteria	i, iv
Reference	{{{ID}}}
Region†	Africa
Inscription History
Inscription	1980  (4th Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List. † Region as classified by UNESCO.

Axum (historically), properly Aksum (by modern conventions of transliteration from the original Ge'ez), is a city in northern Ethiopia named after the long lived Kingdom of Axum or Aksum, a naval and trading power that ruled from the region ca. 400 BC into the 10th century—nearly a millennium and a half, or half again as long as the Roman Republic and Empire combined. The kingdom was occasionally referred to in medieval writings as "Ethiopia".

Located in the Mehakelegnaw Zone of the Tigray Region near the base of the Adwa mountains, this town has a latitude and longitude of 14°07′N, 38°44′E and an elevation of 2130 meters. It was the center of the (eventual) Christian marine trading power the Axumite Kingdom, which antedated the earliest mentions in Roman era writings (around the time of the birth of Jesus) in good corelation to the expansion of Rome into northern Africa, and later when morphed into the Christian kingdom, was a quasi-ally of Byzantium against the day's Persian Empire. Direct historical matters are however little known, primary sources being in the main limited to ancient church records.

It is believed it began a long slow decline after the 7th century due to unknown reasons, but informed speculation suggests the rise of Islam heavily impacted its ability to trade with the Far East in an era when shipping was limited to coastal navigation. Eventually Aksum was cut off from its principal markets in Alexandria, Byzantium and Southern Europe and its trade share was captured by Arab traders of the era, which dovetails well with the Arab ethnic traditions and historical reputation as traders.

As the kingdom's power declined, so did the influence of the city which is believed to have lost population in the decline similar to Rome and other major cities thrust away from the flow of world events. The last known (nominal) king to reign was crowned ca. the 10th century, but the kingdoms influence and power ended long before that.

Its decline in population and trade then contributed to the shift of the power centre of the Ethiopian Empire so that it moved further inland and bequeathed its alternative place name (Ethiopia) to the region, and eventually, the modern state.^[1]

Based on figures from the Central Statistical Agency in 2005, Axum has an estimated total population of 47,320 of whom 20,774 were males and 21,898 were females.^[2] (What does that make the remaining 4,648? Hermaphrodites?) Seventy-five percent of the people in the city are members of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. The remainder of the population is Sunni Muslim and P'ent'ay (Protestant and other non-Orthodox Christians).

Aksum is served by an airport (ICAO code HAAX, IATA AXU).

Due to its historical value, in 1980 UNESCO added its archeological sites to its list of World Heritage Sites.

The Aksumite kingdom and the Ethiopian Church

The kingdom of Axum had its own written language called Ge'ez, and also developed a distinctive architecture exemplified by giant obelisks, the oldest of which (though much smaller) date from 5,000-2,000 BC.^[3] This kingdom was at its height under king Ezana, baptized as Abreha, in the 300s (which was also when it officially embraced Christianity).^[4]

The Ethiopian Orthodox Church claims that the Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion in Axum houses the Biblical Ark of the Covenant in which lies the Tablets of Law upon which the Ten Commandments are inscribed.^[5] This same church was the site Ethiopian emperors were crowned for centuries until the reign of Fasilides, then again beginning with Yohannes IV until the end of the empire. Axum is considered to be the holiest city in Ethiopia and is an important destination of pilgrimages.^[5] Significant religious festivals are the T'imk'et Festival (known as the Epiphany in western Christianity) on 7 January and the Festival of Maryam Zion in late November.

In 1937, a 24-meter tall, 1700-year-old obelisk standing in Axum was cut into three parts by Italian soldiers and shipped to Rome to be re-erected. The obelisk is widely regarded as one of the finest examples of engineering from the height of the Axumite empire. Despite a 1947 United Nations agreement that the obelisk would be shipped back, Italy balked, resulting in a long-standing diplomatic dispute with the Ethiopian government, which views the obelisk as a symbol of national identity. In April 2005, Italy finally returned the obelisk pieces to Axum amidst much official and public rejoicing. It is due to be re-erected in late 2006.^[6] [1] UNESCO has assumed responsibility for the re-installation of this stele in Axum.

Axum and Islam

Although Axumite Muslims have attempted to build a mosque in this most holy of Ethiopian towns, Orthodox residents, and the emperors of the past have replied that they must be allowed to build an Ethiopian Orthodox church in Mecca (officially Makkah) if the Muslims are to be allowed to build a mosque in Axum.^{[citation needed]}

The connection of Axum with Islam is very old. According to ibn Hisham, when Muhammad faced oppression from the Quraish clan, he sent a small group that included his daughter Ruqayya and her husband Uthman ibn Affan, whom Ashama ibn Abjar, the king of Axum, gave refuge to, and protection to, and refused the requests of the Quraish clan to send these refugees back to Arabia. These refugees did not return until the sixth year of the Hijra (628), and even then many remained in Ethiopia, eventually settling at Negash in eastern Tigray.

There are different traditions concerning the effect these early Muslims had on the ruler of Axum. The Muslim tradition is that the ruler of Axum was so impressed by these refugees that he became a secret convert.^[7] On the other hand, one Ethiopian tradition states that the Muslim refugees who lived in Ethiopia during this time converted to Orthodox Christianity, thus becoming the first known convert from Islam to Christianity. Worth mentioning is a second Ethiopian tradition, that on the death of Ashama ibn Abjar, Muhammed is reported to have prayed for the king's soul, and told his followers, "Leave the Abyssinians in peace, as long as they do not take the offensive."^[8]

Sites of interest

The major Aksumite monuments in the town are stelae; the largest number lie in the Northern Stelae Park, ranging up to the 33 metre-high Great Stele (believed to have fallen during construction) and the tallest standing 24m high King Ezana's Stele. Another stele looted by the Italian army was only returned to Ethiopia in 2005 and is due for reinstallation. They are believed to mark graves and would have had cast metal discs affixed to their sides, which are also carved with architectural designs. The Gudit Stelae, unlike the northern area, are interspersed with mostly fourth century tombs.

Other features of the town include St Mary of Zion church, built in 1665 and said to contain the Ark of the Covenant (a prominent twentieth century church of the same name neighbours it), archaeological and ethnographic museums, the Ezana Stone written in Sabaean, Ge'ez and Ancient Greek in a similar manner to the Rosetta Stone, King Bazen's Tomb (a megalith considered to be one of the earliest structures), the so-called Queen of Sheba's Bath (actually a reservoir), the fourth century Ta'akha Maryam and sixth century Dungur palaces, the monasteries of Abba Pentalewon and Abba Liqanos and the Lioness of Gobedra rock art.

Local legend claims the Queen of Sheba lived in the town.

Sister cities

• Denver, USA (since 1995)

References

Further reading

• Yuri M. Kobishchanov. Axum (Joseph W. Michels, editor; Lorraine T. Kapitanoff, translator). University Park, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania, 1979. ISBN 0-271-00531-9
• Stuart Munro-Hay. Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity. Edinburgh: University Press. 1991. ISBN 0-7486-0106-6 online edition
• Stuart Munro-Hay. Excavations at Aksum: An account of research at the ancient Ethiopian capital directed in 1972-74 by the late Dr Nevill Chittick London: British Institute in Eastern Africa, 1989 ISBN 0-500-97008-4
• Sergew Hable Sellassie. Ancient and Medieval Ethiopian History to 1270 Addis Ababa: United Printers, 1972.
• African Zion, the Sacred Art of Ethiopia. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993.

External links

• Ethiopian Treasures - Queen of Sheba, Aksumite Kingdom - Aksum
• Kingdom of Aksum article from About Archaeology
• UNESCO – World Heritage Sites - Aksum
• The Metropolitam Museum of Art – The Foundation of Aksumite Civilization*On Axum
• More on Axum
• Axum from Catholic Encyclopedia
• Final obelisk section in Ethiopia, BBC, 25 April 2005

World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia
Aksum · Fasil Ghebbi, Gondar Region · Harar Jugol, the Fortified Historic Town · Lower Valley of the Awash · Lower Valley of the Omo · Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela · Simien National Park · Tiya

Cities of Ethiopia

Abomsa | Adama (Nazret) | Addis Ababa | Addis Zemen | Adet | Adigrat | Adwa | Agaro | Alaba Kulito | Alamata | Aleta Wendo | Ambo | Arba Minch | Areka | Asaita | Asebe Teferi | Asosa | Awbere | Awasa | Axum | Bahir Dar | Bati | Bedele | Bichena | Boditi | Bure | Butajira | Chagni | Debarq | Debre Berhan | Debre Marqos | Debre Tabor | Debre Zeyit | Degehabur | Dembidolo | Derwonaji | Dessie | Dila | Dire Dawa | Dodola | Dolo | Fiche | Finote Selam | Gambela | Gebre Guracha | Gimbi | Ginir | Goba | Gode | Gondar | Goro | Guduru | Hagere Miriam | Harar | Hart Sheik | Holeta Genet | Humera | Inda Selassie | Irgalem | Irgachefe | Jijiga | Jimma | Jinka | Kebri Dahar | Kebri Mangest | Kobo | Kombolcha | Korem | Maychew | Mek'ele | Meki | Mendi | Metu | Mojo | Mota | Moyale | Negele Arsi | Negele Boran | Nekemte | Robe | Sawla | Sebeta | Shakiso | Shambu | Shashamane | Shewa Robit | Sodo | Softu | Waliso | Weldiya | Welenchiti | Welkite | Wenj Gefersa | Wereta | Wukro | Ziway

Coordinates: 14.124° N 38.721° E

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