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colostrum

 
Dictionary: co·los·trum   (kə-lŏs'trəm) pronunciation
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n.
The thin yellowish fluid secreted by the mammary glands at the time of parturition that is rich in antibodies and minerals, and precedes the production of true milk. Also called foremilk.

[Latin.]

colostral co·los'tral (-trəl) adj.

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Food and Nutrition: colostrum
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The milk produced by mammals during the first few days after parturition; compared with mature milk, human colostrum contains more protein (2 compared with 1.3 g/100 mL); slightly less lactose (6.6 compared with 7.2 g/100 mL), considerably less fat (2.6 compared with 4.1 g/100 mL), and overall slightly less energy (56 kcal (235 kJ)/100 mL compared with 69 kcal (290 kJ). Colostrum is a valuable source of antibodies for the new-born infant. Animal colostrum is sometimes known as beestings.

Alternative Medicine Encyclopedia: Colostrum
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Description

Colostrum is a thick yellow fluid, rich in protein, growth factors, and immune factors. It is secreted by the mammary glands of all female mammals during the first few days of lactation. It also contains essential nutrients and protease inhibitors that keep it from being destroyed by the processes of digestion. Humans produce relatively small amounts of colostrum in the first two days after giving birth, but cows produce about 9 gallons (36 L) of colostrum. Bovine colostrum can be transferred to all other mammals, and is four times richer in immune factors than human colostrum.

Although colostrum has received widespread attention as a dietary supplement only since the late 1990s, it has a lengthy history of medicinal use. Ayurvedic physicians in India have used colostrum as a treatment for thousands of years. In the United States, mainstream medical practitioners recommended colostrum as a natural antibiotic before the discovery of penilcillin and sulfa drugs. In the 1950s, colostrum was used to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Dr. Albert Sabin, the researcher who developed the first oral vaccine for poliomyelitis, found that colostrum contains antibodies against polio. He recommended colostrum as a dietary supplement for children who were vulnerable to polio.

The major components of colostrum include the following substances:

  • Immunoglobulins. Immunoglobulins are globulin proteins that function as antibodies. They are the most plentiful immune factors found in colostrum. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) counteracts bacteria and toxins in the blood and lymphatic system; immunoglobulin M (IgM) seeks out and attaches itself to viruses in the circulatory system; immunoglobulins D and E (IgD and IdE) remove foreign substances from the bloodstream and activate allergic reactions. High-quality colostrum is certified to contain a minmum of 16% immunoglobulins.
  • Lactoferrin. Lactoferrin is a protein that transports iron to red blood cells and helps to deprive viruses and harmful bacteria of iron.
  • Proline-rich polypeptide (PRP). PRP is a hormone that regulates the thymus gland, helping to calm a hyperactive immune system or stimulate an underactive immune system.
  • Growth factors. The growth factors in bovine colostrum include insulin-like growth factors (IgF-1 and IgF-2), an epithelial growth factor (EgF), transforming growth factors (TgF-A and TgF-B), and a platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Growth factors stimulate normal growth as well as the healing and repair of aged or injured skin, muscle, and other tissues. In addition, growth factors help the body to burn fat instead of muscle for fuel when a person is dieting or fasting.
  • Growth hormone. Growth hormone slows some of the signs of aging.
  • Leukocytes. Leukocytes are white cells that stimulate production of interferon, a protein that inhibits viruses from reproducing.
  • Enzymes. Colostrum contains three enzymes that oxidize bacteria.
  • Cytokines and lymphokines. These are substances that regulate the body's immune response, stimulate the production of immunoglobulins, and affect cell growth and repair.
  • Vitamins. Colostrum contains small amounts of vitamins A, B12, and E.
  • Glycoproteins. Glycoproteins, or protease inhibitors, are complex proteins that protect immune factors and growth factors from being broken down by the acids in the digestive tract.
  • Sulfur. Sulfur is a mineral that is an important building block of proteins.

General Use

Colostrum is presently used to treat a variety of diseases and disorders. Applications that have been investigated in clinical trials include the following:

Bacterial and Viral Infections

A number of recent clinical studies have shown that colostrum is effective in reversing the inflammation of the digestive tract in HIV/AIDS patients caused by opportunistic infections. The antiviral, antifungal, and antibacterial properties of colostrum enable it to kill such pathogens as E. coli, Candida albicans, rotaviruses, and Cryptosporidium.

In 1980, a British researcher showed that a large proportion of the antibodies and immunoglobulins in colostrum are not absorbed by the body but remain in the digestive tract. There they attack food- and water-borne organisms that cause disease. More recent clinical studies have demonstrated that colostrum is effective in preventing intestinal infections by first keeping the bacteria from attaching themselves to the intestinal wall, and secondly by killing the bacteria themselves. Colostrum has proved to be capable of killing Campylobacter, Helicobacter pylori, Listeria, Salmonella, Shigellosis, and five types of streptococci.

Allergies and Autoimmune Diseases

The PRP in colostrum has been demonstrated to reduce or eliminate the pain, swelling, and inflammation associated with allergies and autoimmune diseases (multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, myasthenia gravis). These effects are related to PRP's ability to inhibit the overproduction of lymphocytes (white blood cells) and T-cells.

Heart Disease

Recent research suggests that cardiovascular disease may be caused in part by alterations in the patient's immune system. One study indicated that 79% of patients with heart diseases had a certain type of Chlamydia (an intracellular parasite closely related to certain bacteria) associated with the formation of plaque in their arteries. The PRP in colostrum may be able to reverse heart disease in the same way it counteracts allergies and autoimmune diseases. In addition, the growth factors and growth hormone in colostrum appear to lower the blood levels of "bad" cholesterol while raising the blood levels of "good" cholesterol. These growth factors also repair damage to heart muscle and support the growth of new blood vessels in the part of the circulatory system that surrounds the heart.

Cancer

Since 1985, the cytokines contained in colostrum have been a major area of research in seeking a cure for cancer. Researchers have found that the lactoferrin in colostrum has some anti-cancer activity. In addition, the combination of immune factors and growth factors in colostrum appears to inhibit the growth of cancers.

Weight Loss

The growth factor called IgF-1 that is contained in colostrum is needed by the body in order to metabolize fat. As humans grow older, their bodies produce less IgF-1. These lower levels of growth factor are associated with a higher rate of type 2 diabetes in older adults and with increased difficulty losing weight in spite of exercise and careful attention to diet. While colostrum by itself will not cause weight loss, it appears to be a useful part of a weight reduction program because of its IgF-1 content.

Sports Medicine

The immune factors in colostrum appear to be helpful in protecting athletes from infections caused by the physical and emotional stress of competition. Using colostrum as a dietary supplement also increases the efficiency of the digestive tract for athletes in training. The intestines are able to make more nutrients available to the muscle cells and the body's vital organs. A 2002 report stated that cyclists taking 20 to 60 grams of bovine colostrums supplements per day showed significant performance improvements following a two-hour ride.

Open Wounds

The growth factors in colostrum have been found to stimulate the growth of new skin and to repair tissues damaged by ulcers, injuries, burns, surgery, or inflammation. They are able to do this through their direct action on the cells' DNA and RNA. Powdered colostrum has been used in topical preparations for gum disease, sensitive teeth, mouth ulcers, cuts, and burns.

Other

Colostrum has been used outside clinical research to treat a variety of other conditions. Satisfied individuals have reported that colostrum has successfully treated skin disorders, emphysema, baldness in males, anger outbursts,fever blisters, shingles, tendinitis, thyroid disorders, gout, insect bites, vaginal yeast infections, and anemia.

Preparations

Colostrum is presently available in a variety of forms, including tablets, liquids, powders, and encapsulated powders. In general, the powdered forms are recommended as preferable to liquids or tablets, on the grounds that liquid colostrum has a short shelf life and the processing necessary to produce tablets destroys much of colostrum's biological activity. The recommended dose for adults with disease symptoms is 1,000–2,000 mg of powdered colostrum in capsules, taken twice daily with 8–12 oz of water. Preventive doses are left to the patient's choice. Children can be given colostrum but require less than adults.

In the United States, colostrum is taken from dairy cows within 24 hours after the birth of a calf. Only dairy cows that meet USDA health standards and have been raised on a feed supplemented with nutrients are used to supply colostrum. The calf needs four gallons of the nine that the cow produces. The remaining five gallons are collected by a USDA-certified dairy. The colostrum is frozen and kept at a temperature of 17°F (-8.3°C). After the frozen colostrum is taken to a processing plant, it is carefully thawed and evaluated for quality and immunoglobulin content. About 30% is rejected at this stage. The fat is then removed from the remaining colostrum, after which the colostrum is spray-dried at low heat. The colostrum is repeatedly tested during processing for freedom from bacterial contamination.

Precautions

Persons who are using colostrum as a dietary supplement in the United States should obtain it from a source licensed by the USDA.

Side Effects

With the exception of allergic reactions in persons who are known to be allergic to cow's milk, colostrum does not produce any major side effects at any level of consumption. Mild flu-like symptoms that disappear with continued use of colostrum have been reported in children.

Interactions

No significant drug interactions between colostrum and standard pharmaceuticals have been reported.

Resources

Periodicals

Coombes, Jeff S., et al. "Dose Effects of Oral Bovine Colostrum on Physical Work Capacity in Cyclists." Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise (July 2002): 1184.

Organizations

National Association of Alternative Medicines (NAAM). P. O. Box 35189, Chicago, IL 60707-0189. (708) 453-0080. Fax: (708) 453-0083.

Other

Health/Link: Alternative Health Directory. http://www.selene.com/healthlink/bovine.html.

[Article by: Rebecca Frey, Ph.D.; Teresa G. Odle]

Sports Science and Medicine: colostrum
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The first milk secreted by the mammary glands a few days before and after birth. Colostrum is a rich source of protein (predominantly casein), carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals. Bovine colostrum is used as a supplement by some athletes to increase protein synthesis in skeletal muscle. It is not on the World Anti-Doping Agency's 2005 Prohibited List.

Veterinary Dictionary: colostrum
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The thick, yellow secretion present in the mammary gland in increasing amounts for several days or weeks, depending on the species, before and for about a week after parturition. It is very rich in maternal antibodies and is essential in providing passive immunity to the neonate. An adequate amount of colostrum must be ingested during the first few hours after birth while the intestinal epithelium is still permeable to the large molecules of the immunoglobulins.
Immunoglobulin levels in colostrum vary between species and are much higher than those found later in the milk. The predominant immunoglobulin in colostrum is IgG. Called also beestings.

  • c.-induced anemia — occurs in lambs fed cow colostrum; thought to be an immune-mediated hemolytic anemia.
  • c. replacements — commercially available products containing immunoglobulins derived from the processing of serum collected at cattle slaughter or second-milking colostrum purchased from dairies. The majority have sub-optimal concentrations of immunoglobulin to replace natural colostrum. Some are labeled as colostrum supplements but marketed as colostrum replacements.
  • synthetic c. — although referred to as colostrum, formulas can only attempt to duplicate milk of a particular species since they are lacking in immunoglobulins. See milk replacer.
  • c. vacuoles — eosinophilic colostrum present in vacuoles in cytoplasm of intestinal epithelial cells in newborn animals.
Wikipedia: Colostrum
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Beestings redirects here: or you may have wanted bee sting or beasting.
Not to be confused with claustrum.

Colostrum (also known colloquially as beestings, or first milk) is a form of milk produced by the mammary glands of mammals in late pregnancy. Most species will generate colostrum within one day of giving birth.

Contents

Effects in infants

Newborns have very small digestive systems, and colostrum delivers its nutrients in a very concentrated low-volume form. It has a mild laxative effect, encouraging the passing of the baby's first stool, which is called meconium. This clears excess bilirubin, a waste product of dead red blood cells which is produced in large quantities at birth due to blood volume reduction, from the infant's body and helps prevent jaundice. Colostrum is known to contain antibodies called immunoglobulins such as IgA, IgG and IgM in mammals. IgA is absorbed through the intestinal epithelium, travels through the blood, and is secreted onto other Type 1 mucosal surfaces. These are the major components of the adaptive immune system. Other immune components of colostrum include the major components of the innate immune system, such as lactoferrin,[1] lysozyme,[2] lactoperoxidase,[3] complement,[4] and proline-rich polypeptides (PRP).[5] A number of cytokines (small messenger peptides that control the functioning of the immune system) are found in colostrum as well,[6] including interleukins,[7] tumor necrosis factor,[8] chemokines,[9] and others. Colostrum also contains a number of growth factors, such as insulin-like growth factors I[10] and II,[11] transforming growth factors alpha,[12] beta 1 and beta 2,[13][14] fibroblast growth factors,[15] epidermal growth factor,[16] granulocyte-macrophage-stimulating growth factor,[17] platelet-derived growth factor,[18] vascular endothelial growth factor,[19] and colony-stimulating factor-1.[20]

Chemically, colostrum is very rich in proteins, vitamin A, and sodium chloride, but contains lower amounts of carbohydrates, lipids, and potassium than normal milk. The most pertinent bioactive components in colostrum are growth factors and antimicrobial factors. The antibodies in colostrum provide passive immunity while growth factors stimulate the development of the gut. They are passed to the neonate and provide the first protection against pathogens. The passive immunity from the mother gets transferred to the newborn.[21]

Human consumption

Literally hundreds of scientific, peer-reviewed research studies have been done on bovine colostrum and its components in humans. It has been shown to be both safe and effective for all ages and for numerous disease states and disease prevention.[22] It is particularly effective in healing the gastrointestinal tract from the damage that modern life (medications, alcohol, stress, etc) causes in virtually everyone living in an industrialized society.[23][24][25][26]

Bovine colostrum from pasture-fed cows contains immunoglobulins specific to many human pathogens, including Eschericia coli, Cryptosporidium parvum, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella, Staphylococcus,[27] and rotavirus (causes diarrhea in infants). In fact, colostrum is one of the few treatment modalities available that is effective against viruses, as antibiotics are not, and there are no side effects from its use. Before the development of antibiotics, colostrum was the main source of immunoglobulins used to fight infections. In fact, when Albert Sabin made his first oral vaccine against polio, the immunoglobulin he used came from bovine colostrum.[28] When antibiotics began to appear, interest in colostrum waned, but now that antibiotic-resistant strains of pathogens have developed, interest is once again returning to natural alternatives to antibiotics, namely, colostrum.[29]

Colostrum is most effective when used as a disease preventative and health promoter. For example, with all the interest in swine flu and the calls for vaccination against it, a study was done in 2007 in which volunteers were given either a flu vaccination or colostrum. Those who received the vaccination were three times more likely to come down with flu than those who received colostrum.[30]

Colostrum has been used by athletes to improve their performance,[31] decrease recovery time,[32] and prevent sickness during peak performance levels.[33] Taking advantage of colostrum supplementation, the Australian Olympic swim team won more gold medals than China in the 2000 and 2004 Olympic games.[34] Colostrum burns fat while building lean muscle.[35]

IGF-1 in colostrum promotes weight loss as it is needed by the body to metabolize fat. As our bodies age, they produce less IGF-1, which makes it more difficult to lose weight and can often lead to the development of type 2 diabetes and even dementia.[36] People with eating disorders also have low levels of IGF-1,[37] as do obese individuals.[38] Supplementation with colostrum, which is rich in IGF-1, can be a useful part of a weight reduction program. Although IGF-1 is not absorbed intact by the body, it does stimulate the production of IGF-1 when taken as a supplement.[39]

Colostrum helps ameliorate the effects of aging due to its many antioxidant components, such as glutathione,[40] lactoferrin,[41] and hemopexin, which binds free heme in the body.[42]

Developments in colostrum use

Hyperimmune colostrum

Hyperimmune colostrum was an early attempt to boost the effectiveness of natural bovine colostrum by immunizing cows with a specific pathogen and then collecting the colostrum after the cow gave birth. This initially appeared very promising as antibodies did appear towards the specific pathogens or antigens that were used in the original challenge. However, upon closer examination and comparison, it was found that IgG levels in natural colostrum towards 19 specific human pathogens were just as high as in hyperimmune colostrum, and natural colostrum nearly always had higher antibody titers than did the hyperimmune version.[43] Therefore the usefulness of hyperimmune colostrum is questionable.

Proline-rich Polypeptides (PRP)

These small peptide immune signaling peptides were independently discovered in colostrum and other sources, such as blood plasma, in the United States[44] and Poland [45]. Hence they appear under various names in the literature, including transfer factor, colostrinin(e), and PRP. They function as signal transducing molecules which have the unique effect of modulating the immune system, turning it up when the body comes under attack from pathogens or other disease agents, and damping it when the danger is eliminated or neutralized[46]. At first thought to actually transfer immunity from one immune system to another, it now appears that PRP simply stimulates cell-mediated immunity[47].

PRP-rich preparations from bovine colostrum have shown great promise in the treatment of many disease states, including viral infections[48] (including many difficult to treat with normal pharmaceutical means, such as herpes viruses[49] and HIV,[50]) as well as difficult to treat bacterial and fungal infections like Mycobacterium fortuitum[51] and Mycobacterium tuberculosis[52](which cause lung infections and TB), cryptosporidosis in AIDS patients,[53], Candida[54] various forms of cancer, such as Hodgkin's disease,[55] osteogenic sarcoma,[56] prostate cancer,[57] and others. As an immune modulator, PRP is also effective in disease states characterized by an overactive immune system, such as allergies,[58][59] asthma,[60] and autoimmune diseases.[61]. Interestingly, PRP has also proven to be effective in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease[62]and epilepsy.[63]

References

  1. ^ Groves, ML. The isolation of a red protein from milk. Journal of the American Chemical Society 82:3345-3360 (1960)
  2. ^ Paulik, S, et al. [Lysozyme in the colostrum and blood of calves and dairy cows] Veterinarni Medicina 30(1):21-28 (1985)
  3. ^ Reiter, B. The lactoperoxidase-thiocyanate-hydrogen peroxide antibacterium system. Ciba Foundation Symposia 65:285-294 (1978)
  4. ^ Brock, JH, et al. Bactericidal and hemolytic activity of complement in bovine colostrum and serum: effect of proteolytic enzymes and ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA). Annales d’Immunologie 126C(4):439-451 (1975)
  5. ^ Zablocka, A, et al. Cytokine-inducing activity of a proline-rich polypeptide complex (PRP) from ovine colostrum and its active nonapeptide fragment analogs. European Cytokine Network 12(3):462-467 (2001)
  6. ^ Hagiwara, K, et al. Detection of cytokines in bovine colostrum. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 76(3-4):183-190 (2000)
  7. ^ Hagiwara, op cit
  8. ^ Rudloff, HE, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha in human milk. Pediatric Research 31(1):29-33 (1992
  9. ^ Maheshwari, A, et al. ELR+ CXC chemokines in human milk. Cytokine 24(3):91-102 (2003)
  10. ^ Xu RJ. Development of the newborn GI tract and its relation to colostrum/milk intake: a review. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 8(1):35-48 (1996)
  11. ^ O'Dell SD, Day IN. Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II). International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology 30(7):767-771 (1998)
  12. ^ Okada M, Ohmura E, Kamiya Y, Murakami H, Onoda N, Iwashita M, Wakai K, Tsushima T, Shizume K. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha in human milk. Life Sciences 48(12):1151-1156 (1991)
  13. ^ Saito, S, et al. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) in human milk. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 94(1):220-224 (1993).
  14. ^ Tokuyama, Y, Tokuyama, H. Purification and identification of TGF-beta 2-related growth factor from bovine colostrum. Journal of Dairy Research 60(1):99-109 (1993)
  15. ^ Hironaka, T, et al. Identification and partial purification of a basic fibroblast growth factor-like growth factor derived from bovine colostrum. Journal of Dairy Science 80(3):488-495 (1997)
  16. ^ Xiao, X, et al. Epidermal growth factor concentrations in human milk, cow's milk and cow's milk-based infant formulas. Chinese Medical Journal (English) 115(3):451-454 (2002)
  17. ^ Playford RJ, et al. Colostrum and milk-derived peptide growth factors for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 72:5-14 (2000)
  18. ^ Playford RJ, op cit
  19. ^ Vuorela, P, et al. Unbound vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in breast, human milk, and newborn intestine. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 72(5):1196-1201 (2000).
  20. ^ Flidel-Rimon, O, Roth, P. Effects of milk-borne colony stimulating factor-1 on circulating growth factor levels in the newborn infant. Journal of Pediatrics 131(5):748-750 (1997).
  21. ^ Pakkanen R, Aalto J. Growth Factors and Antimicrobial Factors of Bovine Colostrum. International Dairy Journal 1997(7):285-297 (1997)
  22. ^ Uruakpa FO, et al. Colostrum and Its Benefits: A Review. Nutrition Research 22:755-767 (2002)
  23. ^ Deitch EA. The Role of Intestinal Barrier Failure and Bacterial Translocation in the Development of Systemic Infection and Multiple Organ Failure. Archives of Surgery 125:403-404 (1990)
  24. ^ Playford RJ, et al. Bovine colostrum is a health food supplement which prevents NSAID induced gut damage. Gut 44(5):653-658 (1999)
  25. ^ Galland L. Leaky Gut Syndrome: Breaking the Vicious Cycle. Townsend Letter for Doctors. 145(6):63-68 (1995). Galland L, Barrie
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  27. ^ McConnell MA, et al. A Comparison of IgG and IgG1 Activity in an Early Milk Concentrate from Non-Immunized Cows and a Milk from Hyperimmunized Animals. Food Research International 34:255-261 (2001)
  28. ^ Sabin AB. Antipoliomyelitic substance in milk from human beings and certain cows. Journal of Diseases of Children, 80:866 (1950)
  29. ^ Pallasch TJ. Antibiotic prophylaxis: problems in paradise. Dental Clinics of North America 47(4):665-679 (2003)
  30. ^ Cesarone MR, et al. Prevention of Influenza Episodes With Colostrum Compared With Vaccination in Healthy and High-Risk Cardiovascular Subjects: The Epidemiologic Study in San Valentino. Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis 13(2):130-136 (2007)
  31. ^ Hofman Z, Smeets R, Verlaan G, Lugt R, Verstappen PA. The effect of bovine colostrum supplementation on exercise performance in elite field hockey players. International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 12(4):461-469 (2002)
  32. ^ Buckley JD, Abbott MJ, Brinkworth GD, Whyte PB. Bovine colostrum supplementation during endurance running training improves recovery, but not performance. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 5(2):65-79 (2002)
  33. ^ Berk LS, Nieman DC, Youngberg WS, Arabatzis K, Simpson-Westerberg M, Lee JW, Tan SA, Eby WC. The effect of long endurance running on natural killer cells in marathoners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 22:207-212 (1990)
  34. ^ http://www.vitaco.com.au/topics/muscle/news/nutrition+and+supplements/colostrum+the+catalyst+for+olympic+success.htm
  35. ^ Antonio J, Sanders MS, Van Gammeren D. The effects of bovine colostrum supplementation on body composition and exercise performance in active men and women. Nutrition 17(3):243-247 (2001)
  36. ^ Arai Y, et al. Serum insulin-like growth factor-1 in centenarians: implications of IGF-1 as a rapid turnover protein. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 56(2):M79-M82 (2001)
  37. ^ Caregaro L, et al. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), a nutritional marker in patients with eating disorders. Clinical Nutrition 20(3):251-257 (2001)
  38. ^ Rasmussen MH, et al. The impact of obesity, fat distribution, and energy restriction on insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), IGF-binding protein-3, insulin, and growth hormone. Metabolism 43(3)315-319 (1994)
  39. ^ Mero A, Kahkonen J, Nykanen T, Parviainen T, Jokinen I, Takala T, Nikula T, Rasi S, Leppaluoto J. IGF-I, IgA, and IgG responses to bovine colostrum supplementation during training. Journal of Applied Physiology 93(2):732-739 (2002)
  40. ^ Borissenko M. Glutathione: A powerful anti-oxidant found in colostrum. NZMP August 2002
  41. ^ Wakabayashi H, Matsumoto H, Hashimoto K, Teraguchi S, Takase M, Hayasawa H. Inhibition of iron/ascorbate-induced lipid peroxidation by an N-terminal peptide of bovine lactoferrin and its acylated derivatives. Bioscience, Biotechnology, Biochemistry 63(5):955-957 (1999)
  42. ^ Gutteridge JM, Smith A. Antioxidant protection by hemopexin of heme-stimulated lipid peroxidation. Biochemical Journal 256:861-865 (1988)
  43. ^ McConnell MA, op cit
  44. ^ Lawrence HS. The cellular transfer of cutaneous hypersensitivity to tuberculin in man. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Medicine 71(4):516-522 (1949)
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  49. ^ Estrada-Parra, S, Chavez-Sanchez R, Ondarza-Aguilera R, Correa-Meza B, Serrano-Miranda E, Monges-Nicolau A, Calva-Pellicer C. Immunotherapy with transfer factor of recurrent herpes simplex type I. Archives of Medical Research 26(Spec. No.):S87-S92 (1995)
  50. ^ Raise E, Guerra L, Viza D, Pizza G, De Vinci C, Schiattone ML, Rocaccio L, Cicognani M, Gritti F. Preliminary results in HIV-1-infected patients treated with transfer factor (TF) and zidovudine (ZDV). Biotherapy 9(1-3):49-54 (1996)
  51. ^ Wilson GB, Metcalf JF, Fudenberg HH. Treatment of Mycobacterium fortuitum pulmonary infection with transfer factor (TF): new methodology for evaluating TF potency and predicting clinical response. Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology 23(2):478-491 (1982).
  52. ^ Fabre RA, Perez TM, Aguilar LD, Rangel MJ, Estrada-Garcia I, Hernandez-Pando R, Estrada-Parra S. Transfer factors as immunotherapy and supplement of chemotherapy in experimental pulmonary tuberculosis. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 136(2):215-223 (2004).
  53. ^ Louie E, Borkowsky W, Klesius PH, Haynes TB, Gordon S, Bonk S, Lawrence HS. Treatment of cryptosporidiosis with oral bovine transfer factor. Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology 44(3):329-334 (1987)
  54. ^ Feigin RD, Shackelford PG, Eisen S, Spitler LE, Pickering LK, Anderson DC. Treatment of mucocutaneous candidiasis with transfer factor. Pediatrics 53(1):63-70 (1974)
  55. ^ Phillips J, Boiucheix C, Pizza G, Sartorio C, Viza D. Effect of in vitro produced transfer factor on Hodgkin patients. British Journal of Haematology 38(3):430-431 (1978).
  56. ^ Levin AS, Byers VS, Fudenberg HH, Wybran J, Hackett AJ, Johnston JO, Spitler LE. Osteogenic sarcoma. Immunologic parameters before and during immunotherapy with tumor-specific transfer factor. Journal of Clinical Investigation 55(3):487-499 (1975)
  57. ^ Pizza G, De Vinci C, Cuzzocrea D, Menniti D, Aiello E, Maver P, Corrado G, Romagnoli P, Dragoni E, LoConte G, Riolo U, Palareti A, Zucchelli P, Fornarola V, Viza D. A preliminary report on the use of transfer factor for treating stage D3 hormone-unresponsive metastatic prostate cancer. Biotherapy 9(1-3):123-132 (1996)
  58. ^ Boldogh I, Aguilera-Aguirre L, Bacsi A, Choudhury BK, Saavedra-Molina A, Kruzel M. Colostrinin [PRP] Decreases Hypersensitivity and Allergic Responses to Common Allergens. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 146(4):298-306 (2008)
  59. ^ Keech A. Peptide Immunotherapy: The Use of Bovine Colostrum Proline-Rich Polypeptides in Cytokine Modulation for the Alternative Relief of Allergic Symptoms. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 119(1): S260-S260 (2008)
  60. ^ Khan A, Sellars W, Grater W, Graham MF, Pflanzer J, Antonetti A, Bailey J, Hill NO. The usefulness of transfer factor in asthma associated with frequent infections. Annals of Allergy 40(4):229-232 (1978).
  61. ^ Lawrence HS. Transfer factor and autoimmune disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 124(1):56-60 (1965)
  62. ^ Bilikiewicz A, Gaus W. Colostrinin (a naturally occurring, proline-rich, polypeptide mixture) in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 6(1):17-26 (2004)
  63. ^ Simko M, Mokran V, Nyulassy S. [Immunomodulatory therapy of epilepsy with transfer factor] Bratislavské Lekárske Listy 98(4):234-237 (1997). Eight epileptic patients treated for 3 months with transfer factor (PRPs) had significant reduction of epileptic episodes

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Dictionary. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2007, 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.  Read more
Food and Nutrition. A Dictionary of Food and Nutrition. Copyright © 1995, 2003, 2005 by A. E. Bender and D. A. Bender. All rights reserved.  Read more
Alternative Medicine Encyclopedia. Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine. Copyright © 2005 by The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved.  Read more
Sports Science and Medicine. The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science & Medicine. Copyright © Michael Kent 1998, 2006, 2007. All rights reserved.  Read more
Veterinary Dictionary. Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary 3rd Edition. Copyright © 2007 by D.C. Blood, V.P. Studdert and C.C. Gay, Elsevier. All rights reserved.  Read more
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