In human genetics, a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by differences in human mitochondrial DNA. Haplogroups are used to represent the major branch points on the mitochondrial phylogenetic tree. Understanding the evolutionary path of the female lineage has helped population geneticists trace the matrilineal inheritance of modern humans back to human origins in Africa and the subsequent spread across the globe.
However Balloux et al. (2009) have shown that mtDNA also correlates with climate and that temperature-based natural selection has helped shape global mtDNA patterns[1] so that the assumption of pure genetic drift may be incorrect.
The letter names of the haplogroups run from A to Z. As haplogroups were named in the order of their discovery, they do not reflect the actual genetic relationships.
The woman at the root of all these groups is the matrilineal most recent common ancestor (MRCA) for all currently living humans. She is commonly called Mitochondrial Eve.
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Evolutionary relationship
Lineage Perspective
This phylogenetic tree is based on the Van Oven 2009 tree[2] and subsequent published research.
Table Perspective
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Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups (by ethnic groups · famous haplotypes) |
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| Mitochondrial Eve (L) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| L0 | L1 | L2 | L3 | L4 | L5 | L6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| M | N | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CZ | D | E | G | Q | A | S | R | I | W | X | Y | |||||||||||||||||||||
| C | Z | B | F | R0 | pre-JT | P | U | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HV | JT | K | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| H | V | J | T | Former Clusters IWX | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
See also
- Genealogy
- Genetics
- Bio-Informatics
References
- ^ http://johnhawks.net/weblog/reviews/genetics/mtdna_migrations/mtdna-selection-balloux-2009.html The worm in the fruit of the mitochondrial DNA tree
- ^ van Oven M, Kayser M. 2009. Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation. Hum Mutat 30(2):E386-E394. http://www.phylotree.org. doi:10.1002/humu.20921
External links
- Mitochondrial Phylogenetic Trees
- Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
- Vincent Macaulay's
- Table: Defining mutations for indigenous American mtDNA haplogroups
- Mitochondrial haplogroup skeleton
- Vincent Macaulay's Mitochondrial haplogroup motifs
- Mitomap's mtDNA .pdf map by Family Tree DNA
- Cambridge DNA's An mtDNA view of the peopling of the world by Homo sapiens
- John S. Walden's Map of macro-haplogroup N
- M. van Oven's PhyloTree.org
- List of mtDNA haplogroup projects
- Journal Articles
- Indian maternal gene pool, Journal of Human Genetics
- The Matrilineal Ancestry of Ashkenazi Jewry: Portrait of a Recent Founder Event, American Journal of Human Genetics
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