racquetball

For other sports often called "paddleball", see Paddleball (sport).

Racquetball racquet and ball

Racquetball is a racquet sport played with a hollow rubber ball in an indoor or outdoor court. Earl Riskey developed paddleball in the 1920s. Joe Sobek^[1] is credited with inventing the sport afterward in 1950^{[citation needed]}, adding a stringed racquet to the game to increase velocity and control. Unlike most racquet sports, such as tennis or badminton, the court's walls, floor, and ceiling are legal playing surfaces (sometimes, depending on the rules), rather than out-of-bounds.^[2]

History

United States

Joe Sobek is credited with inventing the sport of racquetball in the Greenwich YMCA, though not with naming it. A professional tennis player and handball player, Sobek sought a fast-paced sport that was easy to learn and play. He designed the first strung paddle, devised a set of rules, based on those of squash, handball, and paddleball, and named his game paddle rackets.

In February 1952 Sobek founded the National Paddle Rackets Association (NPRA), codified the rules, and had them printed as a booklet. The new sport was rapidly adopted and became popular through Sobek's continual promotion of it; he was aided by the existence of some 40,000 handball courts in the country's YMCAs and JCCs, wherein racquetball could be played.

In 1969, aided by Robert W. Kendler, the president-founder of the U.S. Handball Association (USHA), the International Racquetball Association (IRA) was founded using the name coined by Bob McInerney, a professional tennis player. That same year, the IRA assumed the national championship from the National Paddle Rackets Association (NPRA). In 1973, after a dispute with the IRA board of directors, Kendler formed two other racquetball organizations, yet the IRA remains the sport's dominant organization, recognized by the United States Olympic Committee as the American national racquetball governing body.

In 1974, the IRA organized the first professional tournament, and is a founding member of the International Racquetball Federation (IRF). Eventually, the IRA became the American Amateur Racquetball Association (AARA); in the late 1990s, it renamed itself as the United States Racquetball Association (USRA). In 2003, the USRA again renamed itself to USA Racquetball (USAR), to mirror other Olympic sports associations.

Kendler used his publication ACE to promote both handball and racquetball. Starting in the 1970s, and aided by the fitness boom of that decade, the sport's popularity increased to an estimated 3.1 million players by 1974. Consequent to increased demand, racquetball clubs and courts were founded and built, and sporting goods manufacturers began producing racquetball-specific equipment. This growth continued until the early 1980s, and declining in the decade's latter part when racquet clubs converted to physical fitness clubs, in service to a wider clientele, adding aerobics exercise classes and physical fitness and bodybuilding machines. Since then, the number of racquetball players has remained steady, an estimated 5.6 million players.

United Kingdom

In 1976, Ian D.W. Wright created the sport of racketball based on U.S. racquetball. (British racketball is played in a 32-ft. long by 21-ft. wide squash court (eight feet shorter and one foot wider than the U.S. racquetball court), using a smaller, less dynamic ball than the American racquetball. In this sport, the ceiling is out of playing bounds. The racketball is served after a bounce on the floor then struck into play with the racket. Scoring is like squash, but with point-a-rally scoring of up to 15 points. The British Racketball Association was formed on 13 February 1984, and confirmed by the English Sports Council as the sport's governing body on 30 October 1984. The first National Racketball Championship was held in London on 1 December 1984. The sport is now played in countries where squash is played, Australia, Bermuda, France, Germany, Malaysia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, South Africa, Ireland and Sweden. Currently, racketball also is played in parts of North America, and on 1 September 1988, the British Racketball Association merged with the English Squash Rackets Association.

Governing Bodies

The International Racquetball Federation (IRF) governs the World Racquetball Championships, which were first held in 1981 in conjunction with the first World Games. The second World Championships were played in 1984, and since then have been held biennially in August. Players from the United States have won the most World Championship titles.

The IRF also runs the World Junior Racquetball Championships that occur annually in December, as well as the annual World Senior Racquetball Championships for players who are 35 years of age or older.

Racquetball has been included in the World Games on four occasions: 1981, 1989, 1993 and 2009. Racquetball has been included in the Pan American Games in 1995, 1999, and 2003, and is expected to be part of the 2011 Pan Am Games in Guadalajara, Mexico.

There are three professional racquetball organizations. The International Racquetball Tour (IRT) is the men's professional organization. IRT tournaments occur usually in the USA, with some events occurring in Mexico and Canada. The Women's Profesional Racquetball Organization (WPRO) is the women's professional organization, while the Classic Pro Racquetball Tour (CPRT) is for players 40 and older who were pro players at younger ages.

Equipment

This court and equipment are required for playing racquetball:

The Court Dimensions

• A racquetball court; fully enclosed indoor or outdoor with a front wall. The standard racquetball court is rectangular: 40 feet long, 20 feet wide, and 20 feet high with red lines defining the service and serve reception areas.

The "service box" is formed by the short line - a solid red line running the court's width parallel to the front and back walls at a distance of 20 feet - and the service line parallels the short line and is 15 feet from the front wall. Within the service box there are two sets of lines perpendicular to the short and service lines.

One set of lines is 18 inches from, and parallel to, the side walls. Along with the short line, service line, and side wall these lines define the doubles box, where the non-serving doubles partner stands during the serve; 36 inches from the side wall is another set of lines which, along with the short line and the service line, define an area that the server must not enter if he wishes to hit a drive serve between himself and the nearest side wall. The receiving line is a parallel dashed line 5 feet behind the short line^[3].

Other equipment needed:

• A racquetball; a dynamic (bouncy) rubber ball of 2.25 in. (57 mm) diameter
• A racquetball racquet; no longer than 22 inches
• Racquetball eyeguards (mandatory during competitions; some recreational players play without eyeguards but this is NOT RECOMMENDED, as being hit in the eye by the ball can cause permanent vision damage).

Racquetball differs from other racquet sports as most competitive players wear a glove on their racquet hand for the purpose of getting a better grip on the racquet (similar to golfers using a glove when driving), but gloves are optional equipment. Also, player usually wear a comfortable short sleeved shirt and shorts, as well as racquetball court shoes designed for enabling quick lateral as well as forward and backward movement.

Racquetballs are manufactured in a variety of colours, and some are for specific purposes (e.g., outdoor play vs. indoor play), but the differences are unlikely to make much difference for recreational play. Racquetballs do break occaisionally, and will lose their bounce over time even without breaking.

Rules

Play begins with the serve. The serving player must bounce the ball on the floor once and hit it directly to the front wall — making the ball hit the floor beyond the short line otherwise the serve counts as a fault^[4]. The ball may touch one side wall, but not two, prior to hitting the floor; hitting both side walls after the front wall is a three wall serve, and a fault. Also, serving the ball into the front wall so that it rebounds to the back wall without hitting the floor first is a long serve, and a fault.

Other fault serves include a ceiling serve in which the ball touches the ceiling after the front wall and serving before the receiving player is ready. Also, the server must wait until the ball passes the short line before stepping out of the service box, otherwise it is a fault serve.

If the server hits the ball directly to any surface other than the front wall the server immediately loses serve regardless of whether it was first or second serve.

After the ball bounces behind the short line, or passes the receiving line, the ball is in play and the opposing player(s) may play it.

Usually, the server is allowed two opportunities (called first serve and second serve) to put the ball into play (two serve rule), although elite level competitions often allow the server only one opportunity (one serve rule).

After a successful serve, players alternate hitting the ball against the front wall. The player returning the hit may allow the ball to bounce once on the floor or hit the ball on the fly. However, once the player returning the shot has hit the ball, either before bouncing on the floor or after one bounce, it must strike the front wall before it hits the floor. Unlike during the serve, a ball in play may touch as many walls, including the ceiling, as necessary so long as it reaches the front wall without striking the floor.

Hinders

Due to the nature of the game, players often occupy the space their opponent(s) want to occupy. This may result in a player hindering their opponent's ability to play the ball. Such occurrences are termed either hinders or avoidable hinders. A hinder is a replay of the current rally, while an avoidable hinder results in the player who caused the avoidable obstruction to lose the rally.

The difference between a hinder and an avoidable hinder (or simply an avoidable) is that in the latter case a player has missed out on a clear opportunity to make a rally winning shot due to the obstruction by the player's opponent, while in the former case the opportunity missed would not clearly have led to a winning shot. This difference is almost always a judgment call by the referee.

Scoring

Points can only be scored by the serving player or serving team in a doubles game, and points are the result of winning a rally that began with a successful serve.

During play, a player loses the rally if any one of the following occurs:^[5]

1. The ball bounces on the floor more than once before being struck.
2. The ball does not reach the front wall on the fly.
3. The ball flies into the spectator's gallery or wall opening or strikes an out-of-bounds surface above the court's normal playing area [cf. Rule 2.1(a)].^[6]
4. A slow ball with neither the velocity nor direction needed to strike the front wall strikes another player.
5. A ball struck by a player hits that player or that player's partner.
6. A penalized hindrance [cf. Rule 3.15].^[7]
7. Switching racquet hands during a rally.
8. Not using a racquet wrist-safety cord.
9. Touching the ball with either the body or uniform.
10. Carrying or slinging the ball with the racquet.
11. A player is determined to have caused an avoidable hinder

Under USA Racquetball rules, matches are best of three games with the first two games to 15 points and a third game to 11 points, if necessary. USA Racquetball rules do not require players to win by two, so a match score line could read 15-14, 14-15, 11-10. Racquetball Canada matches are also the best of three format, but require a winning margin of at least two points.

International competitions run by the International Racquetball Federation (IRF) are like the USA Racquetball scoring system: two games to 15 with a tie-breaker to 11, if necessary, and win by 1. However, the men's and women's pro tours play matches that are the best-of-five games to 11 points, requiring a two-point margin for victory.

Game Variations

Racquetball games can be played with two, three or four players, with two player or singles matches being most common. Two player games are called singles or "one-up" (1 vs. 1 for the entire game), while four player games are doubles with two pairs playing against each other (2 vs. 2 for the entire game). Tournament competitions have divisions for singles or doubles or both.

Three-player games are mostly commonly called "Cut-throat" and sometimes "Ironman" (2-on-1 for the entire game) where each player takes turns serving to the other two, who play as a team against the serving player. Another 3 player game is "California," or "In-and-Out" where play is 1 vs. 1 with the third player remain in the back court, out of play, while the other two play a rally; the rally winner then serves to the player who was sitting out, and the rally loser stays out of play. Another 3 player variation is "Sevens" in which one player plays against two players as a team, with the game being played to 7 points; if the two player team gets to 7 first, the game is over, but if the solo player gets to 7 first then the game continues to 14; if the solo player again reaches 14 first, then the game continues to 21, where the game ends regardless of whether the solo player or the two player team reach 21 first.

Shots of the game

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Service

Serve style varies drastically from player to player. Generally, they are divided into two types: offensive and defensive. Most players use an offensive serve for the first serve, and a defensive serve if they need to hit a second serve. Of the offensive serves, the most common is the drive. The intention with this serve is for the ball to travel low and fast towards either back corner, and to bounce twice before striking either side wall or the back wall. If the opponent is adjusting to the drive serve, the server will throw in any variety of jam serves.

A jam serve is an offensive serve which attempts to catch the opponent off balance by making use of difficult angles and unfrequented play space. The most common jam serve is the Z-serve, which strikes the front wall close to a side wall. The ball bounces quickly off the side wall, then strikes the floor and then the opposite side wall about 30-35 feet back. Depending upon the spin the server gives the Z-serve, the resulting carom may prove unpredictable and difficult to return. Side spin may cause the ball to bounce parallel to the back wall.

A pinch serve is similar to a drive serve; however, the ball strikes a side wall very low and close to the serving box. With the appropriate spin, the ball has little bounce, and is difficult to return. It is possible that a successful serve would strike the sidewall before the service line, and land on the floor after the service line.

If the player faults on the first serve, they will usually hit a defensive serve. Defensive serves do not usually garner aces, but they are designed to generate a weak return by the opponent, thereby setting up the server to win the point. Most defensive serves are any variety of lob serves. A plain lob serve is a ball hit with a long, high arch into either back corner. The goal is to hit the ball so that it lands as close as possible to the back wall, giving the opponent very little room to hit a solid return. A junk lob takes a shallower arch, and lands close to the side wall somewhere between the dotted line and the back wall. This lob is intended to deceive the opponent into thinking he has an easy kill. However, since the ball is in the deep zone, it will more likely set up the server for an offensive shot.

Offensive shots

Straight-in shots are usually meant to hit the front wall as low as possible. If the ball contacts the front wall so low as to bounce twice before it reaches the service line it is called a "kill" shot. Straight-in shots are normally attempted with the idea of hitting toward the area of the court the opponent cannot cover. Straight-in shots hit where the opponent can't return them are called down-the-line and cross court passing shots.

Pinches and splats are shots that strike the side wall before the front wall. This often makes the ball bounce twice quickly to end the rally. Pinches normally strike the side wall towards the front part of the court, often within a few inches from the front wall.

The "splat" shot is an elongated pinch that strikes the side wall towards the back part of the court. It often makes a distinctive splatting sound. A very disorienting shot named the "rayjay splat" after Ray Johnson, a Wyoming state champion, who consistently used this shot by smashing the ball into the sidewall at such an angle that it would "Z" into the opposite front wall, arriving with such minimum momentum that it would "die" at the front wall and not rebound as expected. The best defense was to listen for the splat and anticipate the ball action.

Pinches are classified as frontside or reverse. A right-handed player shooting a forehand shot to the right front corner is shooting a frontside pinch. A right-handed player shooting to the left front corner is a reverse pinch. A right-handed player shoots a backhand frontside pinch to the left corner and a reverse double pinch to the right corner. Everything for a left-handed player would be the opposite.

The dink is another very effective offensive shot designed to end the point. It is a shot very low to the front wall hit very softly so as to bounce twice before the opponent can get to it. The dink is most effective when the opponent is positioned deep in the court.

Another shot is the "Z" shot. This shot is effective at confusing and tiring out your opponent. To hit a "Z" shot one hits the side wall hard and up high causing the ball to hit the front then the other side wall then back to the original side wall. If done correctly, the path of the ball will be Z shaped. This shot can have confusing bounces which can frustrate opponents. If done correctly, a "Z" shot will apply spin to the ball as well on the final bounce, causing it to fall parallel to the back wall. This makes the "Z" shot very difficult to return.

An interesting and surprise attack shot is the "CB Pinch", named after Charlie Beram, a Colorado state champion who is credited with this unique style. The CB Pinch occurs where the player responds to a ceiling shot quickly, in front of the service line and right after the floor bounce. The shot is basically a redirected floor bounce (knee to waist high), where the ball is directed very softly but quickly to either corner from a position in front of the service line. The fact that the shot is taken right after a ceiling shot-floor bounce usually leaves the opponent in the rear of the court defenseless against the CB Pinch, when the player has suddenly rushed forward to take the shot.

Defensive shots

The ceiling ball shot is the primary defensive shot. This is a shot that strikes the ceiling and then the front wall to bounce high and make the opponent shoot from deep in the court. Other defensive shots are the high Z and the round-the-world. The high Z is shot ten feet high or higher into the front corner. The ball then bounces from the side wall all the way to the opposite side wall, usually traveling over the top of the opponent, hitting the opposite side wall and dying deep in the court. The round-the-world shot is hit high into the side wall first so the ball then hits the front wall and then the other side wall, effectively circling the court. It can be easily cut off and is rarely used anymore.

Major Competitions and Players

Organized competitive racquetball began in the 1970s. The best male players of that era were Charlie Brumfield and Marty Hogan (racquetball player), as well as Jerry Hilecher, Steve Keeley, and Steve Strandemo. Hogan continued to be a dominant player into the 1980s, and was rivaled on the scene by Brett Harnett, Dave Peck, and Mike Yellen.

In the 1990s, Cliff Swain and Sudsy Monchik dominated pro tournaments, and other great players like Andy Roberts, John Ellis, and Drew Kachtik were often left out of the winner's circle. In the 2000s, Kane Waselenchuk and Jack Huczek have excelled along with Jason Mannino and Rocky Carson.

The first great woman player was Peggy Steding in the 1970s. She was succeeded by Shannon Wright, who was then rivaled by Heather McKay, a great Australian squash player who made the transition to racquetball when living in Canada. McKay then developed a great rivalry with Lynn Adams, and after McKay moved back to Australia, Adams dominated women's racquetball for the better part of the 1980s.

The 1990s belonged to Michelle Gould (née Gilman) whose drive serve was a huge weapon against her opponents. In the late 1990s and into the 2000s, Jackie Paraiso and then Cheryl Gudinas Holmes were the dominant players. Then in the mid-2000s, Christie Van Hees and Rhonda Rajsich were the dominant players, but Paola Longoria finished #1 at the end of the 2008-2009 season.

US Open

The US Open is the primary professional racquetball event. It is held annually in Memphis, Tennessee and began in 1996. In men's play, Sudsy Monchik (USA) and Kane Waselenchuk (Canada) have won the most US Open titles with four each, while Jason Mannino (USA) and Cliff Swain (USA) have both won the title twice, and Rocky Carson (USA) once.

In women's play, Christie Van Hees (Canada) has the most US Open titles with three, while Michelle Gould (USA), Cheryl Gudinas Holmes (USA), Jackie Paraiso (USA) and Rhonda Rajsich (USA) have each won two US Open titles with Paola Longoria (Mexico) and Kerri Wachtel (USA) taking the title once each.

Continental championships

The regional associations of the International Racquetball Federation organize their continental championships: Asian Championships, European Championships and Pan American Championships.

References

See also

• American Handball
• One wall paddleball
• Racquet sports
• Squash

External links

• Official rules
• International Racquetball Federation
• Pan American Racquetball Federation
• European Racquetball Federation
• USA Racquetball
• Racquetball Canada
• British Racketball Association
• International Racquetball Pro Tour
• Women's Professional Racquetball Organization (WPRO)
• Classic Pro Racquetball Tour
• World Outdoor Racquetball (WOR)
• Forums, Fantasy Racquetball, Store, Video - Meetandplay.com
• The Racquetball Blog
• History
• Origins of racketball (UK)
• History of racquetball
• Racquetball Information and Instructional Videos
• Racquetball Information free resource
• Free, Online, Racquetball Challenge Ladder Software
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