Catherine the Great was the Russian ruler who was admired by the philosophes during the revolution. She reigned from 1762 to 1796.
The philosophes were intellectuals during the Enlightenment of the 18th century. They were people who studied learning, history, politics, science, social issues, and economics. They were advocates for tolerance and progress.
The first great Russian monarch is considered by many to be Ivan the Great. Ivan III of Russia ruled from 1462 - 1505.
Czar also known by Caesar
That person is called a Czar.
Bread riots
Peter I
In 1917
The Russian people revolted in 1917 because of the harsh living conditions place on them by the monarch. The Bolshevik Revolution was very successful.
The beliefs of the philosophes were that they were the ones that were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow creatures in the Age of Enlightenment.
The Philosophes were a group of writers and thinkers who formed the core of the French Enlightenment, which was one of the factors of the French Revolution.
The Russian word (transliterated into English) is "tsar" or "czar". Either spelling is accepted.