Signing a treaty with Russia to increase military cooperation would not be an example of U.S. foreign policy.
The Department of State would be the US Department that deals with US foreign policy within the executive branch.
He lost the election because he has no foreign policy experience.
Presidents can back up their foreign policy decisions with hard power. A good example of hard power is through the use of military force.
the cold war
Detente
This is the first time I've heard this suggestion, so it would be helpful if you would give the background to this question - for example, if would say where you encountered this idea.
Remilitarization
This entirely depends on what policies we are talking about, be they educational policy, military policy, foreign policy, trade policy, etc.As concerns foreign policy, US foreign policy in its first few decades was NEUTRALITY, meaning that the US would stay out of long-term alliances, treaties, engagements, and wars with the major European powers.
It is unclear what this question is asking. The US marks a distinct foreign policy trajectory with every major foreign policy choice, so the choice to bomb Islamic State back in 2014 was the the most recent foreign policy established. If the question is asking what is the most recent "named" foreign policy of the United States, it would be the Obama Doctrine, which crystallized more-or-less in 2011.
If the foreign aid policy was to change some things it would have a whole different aspect of what the policy is mainly about. It may or may not be better for the other nations.
An example is a protectionist trade policy would be a tariff on imports, or quotas on the volume of imports.