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Are neurotransmitters always stimulatory?
No. For example, the amino acid derivative gamma aminobutyric acid has an inhibitory effect on neurons.
What is the parasympathetic and Sympathetic effect on the stomach?
The parasympathetic is stimulatory to stomach , increase the gastric secretion and motility while the sympathetic is inhibitory , decrease the gastric secretion and motility
What is the basic unit of structure and functon of the nervous system?
The nervous system is used to trasmit information around the body. It is made of two systems: the central nervous system (which consists of the spine and brain) and the peripheral nervous system (which consists of neurones and receptors). There are three types of neurones: sensory neurones, relay neurons, and motor neurones.
Type of neurones along a reflex arc?
the sensory receptor begins then the Relay neuron and final the motor neuron
How do you make a model of a nervous system?
You describe the different neurones (relay ect.) and how they work including any fine details.
What will be the pathologic effect of Clostridium tetani on the muscles?
Clostridium tetani is a bacterium that produces and secretes a toxin -- the tetanus toxin -- that paralyzes muscles. Tetanus is characterized by a specific type of paralysis wherein the muscles are continuously flexed. The toxin achieves this by selectively altering the activity of the neurons that control muscle (called motor neurons). Motor neurons are controlled through connections from many other cells. Some connections are stimulatory and would tend to increase the likelihood that the motor neuron stimulates muscle contraction; other connections are inhibitory and decrease the likelihood of motor neuron activity.The stimulatory and inhibitory connections are constantly in a tug-of-war over control of the motor neurons. It is the regulation of these connections that controls whether a muscle will contract or not. At rest, input from the inhibitory neurons predominates, and the motor neuron is quiet; when contraction is desired, the stimulatory neurons increase their activity and activate the motor neuron. Tetanus toxin selectively knocks out these inhibitory connections so that motor neurons are excited continuously. The result is that motor neurons cannot be controlled in the usual way, by increasing and decreasing the stimulatory and inhibitory inputs. Since this is the only way to control muscle contraction, the ultimate result is paralysis -- the inability to consciously control the muscles. The specific type of paralysis caused by tetanus is called spastic paralysis. This is different from the flaccid paralysis seen in other diseases (eg, Clostridium botulinum).
What are bundles of neurones?
A nerve is a bundle of neurones
What is synaptic delay?
Synaptic delay is the period of time for neurotransmitter chemicals released from the axon terminus of the sending neuron to cross the synaptic gap by diffusion and attach to matching receptors on the receiving neuron, initiating a reaction (either stimulatory or inhibitory) in that neuron.
What carries information to the brain to be interpreted?
Sensory Neurones
What type of neuron's involved in a knee jerk?
sensory neurones motor neurones
How many synapses occur in this reflex arc?
there are 2 - one between the sensory and relay neurones; the other between the relay and motor neurones.
What is the job of a muscle cell?
Receive stimulatory impulses to contract and inhibitory impulses to stop contraction from the neuromuscular junction. This contraction is carried out by Ca2+, ATP and the actin and myosin proteins in the cells, forming a sarcomere. By contracting and relaxing as a syncytium, the leg muscle can control the joint(s) it crosses and produce movement.
