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Usually when we talk about reflexes -we are referring to two things: primary sensory processing (peripheral nervous system) followed by a motor response (central nervous system). These types of reflexes do not require higher-order cognitive function to occur - but the brain is made aware of what is going on, presumably so that we learn to avoid the harmful stimulus in the future.

For example, the accidental placement of a hand on a hot surface would usually result in an immediate withdrawal reflex. What's happening here is that pain receptors in the skin - in this case 'nociceptors' activated by thermal stimuli - send impulses to neurons in the spinal cord (the spinal cord is part of the central nervous system) that share circuits with neurons that control muscle contractions. These in turn fire, resulting in an immediate flexion (movement toward the body) of the affected limb.

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Q: Are reflexes mediated via the central nervous system or the peripheral nervous system or both?
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