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Do the global elite have a covert depopulation programe ? as they are obsessed as you can see in the media, dont write you personal opinion on how you wouldnt do this just facts and dates.
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What is P53 and what does it have to do with cancer?
The human gene known as p53 is a tumor suppressor gene and malfunctions of it have been implicated in many cancer types. Research is using it to study the biology of cancer, as well as to develop new drug targets to cure certain cancers.In 1993, p53 protein was named Molecule of the Year by Science magazine. It is a protein that is very important for the regulation of cell cycles in humans and other multi-cellular organisms. p53 is also known as TP53 and several other names including tumor protein (EC :2.7.1.37), the "guardian of the genome", and the "Guardian Angel Gene" (because it works to prevent mutation or damage to the genome).Most recent genetic research is also promising in the search for cancer causes and treatments. The research indicates there is a relationship between development of cancer and insufficiency of the p53 gene.More than 50% of the tumors in humans show a mutation of or deletion of this gene. It is believed that various things can cause the mutations or damage/deletion of p53, such as DNA damage from chemicals, UV ray damage, and there are some known viruses that can inhibit the function of p53, such as Simian Virus 40 (SV40) and Human Papillomavirus (HPV), an STD.These viruses and DNA damage can inactivate p53, rendering it ineffective for tumor suppression.See more in related questions and links.
In the 1900s what kind of animals did scientists test?
In the 20th century, humans performed experiments on rodents, rabbits, dogs, cats, armadillos, primates, and other animals. Some notable experiments included the following:Insulin was first isolated from dogs in 1922.On November 3, 1957, a Russian dog, Laika, became the first of many animals to orbit the earth.In the 1970s, antibiotic treatments and vaccines for leprosy were developed using armadillos, then given to humans.In 1974 Rudolf Jaenisch was able to produce the first transgenic mammal by integrating DNA from the SV40 virus into the genome of mice.In 1996, Dolly the sheep was born, becoming the first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell.
Can aids get cured?
AnswerNo. Not yet. But there are many ways to prevent it:Search>HIV AIDS prevention overview facts messages "Ways to Prevent AIDS" report TorontoNick Nolte Ozone Magic Johnsonextracorporeal ultraviolet irradiation bloodThe Beck ProtocolSuppressed medical discovery AIDS cancercuring hiv cancer "Ventura College" lectureMMS Chlorine-dioxide"PMID: 15858720" "Lyman WD" "Kaali SG" "Albert Einstein College"1953 "Fitzgerald Report" AMA FDA quackery record"Eustace Mullins" "Murder by injection"Fishbein AMA "Patricia Ward" congress discoursetetrahedron Horowitz Origin of AIDSAMA FDA AZT 1964 Burroughs Wellcome RockefellerDr. Robert Strecker AIDS"Robert Gallo" "Litton Bionetics" visna leukemia SV40AZT 3-year study
How was animal testing used in the past?
The earliest references to animal testing are found in the writings of the Greeks in the 2nd and 4th centuries BCE. Aristotle (Αριστοτέλης) (384-322 BCE) and Erasistratus (304-258 BCE) were among the first to perform experiments on living animals.[14] Galen, a physician in 2nd-century Rome, dissected pigs and goats, and is known as the "father of vivisection."[15] Avenzoar, an Arabic physician in 12th-century Moorish Spain who also practiced dissection, introduced animal testing as an experimental method of testing surgical procedures before applying them to human patients.[16][17] Animals have been used repeatedly through the history of biomedical research. The founders, in 1831, of the Dublin Zoo-the fourth oldest zoo in Europe, after Vienna, Paris, and London-were members of the medical profession, interested in studying the animals both while they were alive and when they were dead.[18] In the 1880s, Louis Pasteur convincingly demonstrated the germ theory of medicine by inducing anthrax in sheep.[19] In the 1890s, Ivan Pavlov famously used dogs to describe classical conditioning.[20] Insulin was first isolated from dogs in 1922, and revolutionized the treatment of diabetes.[21] On November 3, 1957, a Russian dog, Laika, became the first of many animals to orbit the earth. In the 1970s, antibiotic treatments and vaccines for leprosy were developed using armadillos,[22] then given to humans.[23] The ability of humans to change the genetics of animals took a large step forwards in 1974 when Rudolf Jaenisch was able to produce the first transgenic mammal, by integrating DNA from the SV40 virus into the genome of mice.[24] This genetic research progressed rapidly and, in 1996, Dolly the sheep was born, the first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell.[25] Toxicology testing became important in the 20th century. In the 19th century, laws regulating drugs were more relaxed. For example, in the U.S., the government could only ban a drug after a company had been prosecuted for selling products that harmed customers. However, in response to the Elixir Sulfanilamide disaster of 1937 in which the eponymous drug killed more than 100 users, the U.S. congress passed laws that required safety testing of drugs on animals before they could be marketed. Other countries enacted similar legislation.[26] In the 1960s, in reaction to the Thalidomide tragedy, further laws were passed requiring safety testing on pregnant animals before a drug can be sold.[27]
What are immortalized cell lines?
A biologically immortal cell (or, more likely, cell lineage) can continue to divide indefinitely, and will not fail due to DNA failures. Each time DNA divides, some of the ends are cut off, and after some time, something will be cut off at one end that is very important, and the cell may stop working correctly or even die. An immortal cell would have to pad the ends of its DNA to avoid this kind of damage. Cancer cells already do this, as well as stem cells and many others. It is important to note that while the cell lineage could continue forever, disease or damage could still kill the organism.
What regulates what goes in and out of the nucleus of the cell?
Embedded into the nuclear envelope are nuclear pore complexes (NPC) that transport materials in and out of the nucleus both ways. The material must has a signal to be either transported in and or out of the nucleus. NLS - to transport in NES - To transport out NRS- to retain inside the nucleus CRS- To stay inside in cytoplasm.First anything under about 40kD can move inside the nucleus and out with ease as they just diffuse down there concentration gradient. Larger molecules must have a signal meaning about 40kD. They either have 1 listed above or both NLS and NES, which means they are a shuttle protein which i will talk about later when I go into RAN.NLS - Nuclear localization signal for import into the nucleus. Its a permanent signal, and not cleaved bedore or after the translocation to the nucleus. Positive charges also play an important role in importing the SV40 gene (first to be experimentally tested) has a stretch of positive amino acid sequences which work as NLS. But if you change the sequence of this amino acid stretch you will weaken or block the function all together of the NLS. There can be monopartite signals like NLS (one stretch) or 2 which is called a Bipartite cluster (which needs a spacer between the 2 signals)So lets start.The NLS receptor and the NLS-containing cargo bind with importin A and inportin B. No energy requiredThey dock (this can be performed at low temp 4* and doesnt require energy)NLS receptor and complex translocate across the NPCThen GTP-Ran binds the B-subunit and it falls off. What is left is the a-subunit and the protein and the NLSThe receptor a and the protein complex break apart and the a-subunit with binds to RAN-GTP and is carried back to the cytoplasmic side.This is how we get directionality with RAN. GDP cytoplasm GTP in the nuclease because its a GTPase.There are several accessory proteins working as well. RCC1 which is a GEF - nucleotide exchange factor. It transfers GDP to GTP. It is located in the nucleus- think about this it makes sense - GTP in the nucleus is what the cell needs.The GTP to GDP are called RanGAP and RanBP1/2The nuclear export have hydrophobic amino acids like the (HIV rev protein) and this acts to export but RAN is still required.Once they transporter is back into the cytoplasm it gets ran GTP to ran GDP by RanGAP or RanBP1/2How is this whole mechanism regulated?Well chaperones work to mask the NLS. So regulation can be controlled that way.Nuclear transportDLW Bachelor of Science,Anatomy and Cell Biology 2012 McGill University
Who is the father of tissue culture?
GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDINGIntroduction to Plant BiotechnologyDr. Rhitu RaiScientistNational Research Centre on Plant BiotechnologyLal Bhadur Shastri BuildingPusa CampusNew Delhi-110012(16-07- 2007)CONTENTSKeywordsTotipotency, haploid production, cryopreservation, somaclonal variation, somatic hybrids, Agrobacterium, recombinant DNA, transgenic plants, molecular breeding History of Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology Scope and Importance of Biotechnology Tissue and Cell Culture Micropropagation Anther Culture Production of Secondary Metabolites Protoplasts Isolation and Fusion Somatic Hybrids Somaclonal Variation Germplasm Conservation Genetic Engineering and Gene Technology Methods for Gene Transfer Generation of Transgenic Plants and their identification Molecular Markers Role of Biotechnology in Crop improvement1History of Plant Tissue Culture and BiotechnologyBiotechnology is name given to the methods and techniques that involve the use of living organisms like bacteria, yeast, plant cells etc or their parts or products as tools (for example, genes and enzymes). They are used in a number of fields: food processing, agriculture, pharmaceutics, and medicine, among others. Plant tissue culture can be defined as culture of plant seeds, organs, explants, tissues, cells, or protoplasts on nutrient media under sterile conditions.The science of plant tissue culture takes its roots from path breaking research in botany like discovery of cell followed by propounding of cell theory. In 1839, Schleiden and Schwann proposed that cell is the basic unit of organisms. They visualized that cell is capable of autonomy and therefore it should be possible for each cell if given an environment to regenerate into whole plant. Based on this premise, in 1902, a German physiologist, Gottlieb Haberlandt developed the concept of in vitro cell culture. He isolated single fully differentiated individual plant cells from different plant species like palisade cells from leaves of Laminum purpureum, glandular hair of Pulmonaria and pith cells from petioles of Eicchornia crassiples etc and was first to culture them in Knop's salt solution enriched with glucose. In his cultures, cells increased in size, accumulated starch but failed to divide. Therefore, Haberlandt's prediction failed that the cultured plant cells could grow, divide and develop into embryo and then to whole plant. This potential of a cell is known as totipotency, a term coined by Steward in 1968. Despite lack of success, Haberlandt made several predictions about the requirements in media in experimental conditions which could possibly induce cell division, proliferation and embryo induction. G Haberlandt is thus regarded as father of tissue culture.Taking cue from Haberlandt's failure, Hannig (1904) chose embryogenic tissue to culture. He excised nearly mature embryos from seeds of several species of crucifers and successfully grew them to maturity on mineral salts and sugar solution. In 1908, Simon regenerated callus, buds and roots from Poplar stem segments and established the basis for callus culture. For about next 30 years (upto 1934), there was very little further progress in cell culture research. Within this period, an innovative approach to tissue culture using meristematic cells like root and stem tips was reported by Kolte (1922) and Robbins (1922) working independently.All these research attempts involving culture of isolated cells, root tips or stem tips ended in development of calluses. There were two objectives to be achieved before putting Haberlandt's prediction to fruition. First, to make the callus obtained from the explants to proliferate endlessly and second to induce these regenerated calluses to undergo organogenesis and form whole plants. It was in 1930s, when progress in plant tissue culture accelerated rapidly owing to an important discovery that vitamin B and natural auxins were necessary for the growth of isolated tissues containing meristems. This breakthrough came from White (1934) who reported that not only could cultured tomato root tips grow but could be repeatedly subcultured to fresh medium of inorganic salts supplemented with yeast extract. He later (1937) replaced YE by vitamin B namely pyridoxine, thiamine and proved their growth promoting effect.In 1926, Fritz Went discovered first plant growth regulator (PGR), indoleacetic acid (IAA). IAA is a naturally occurring member of a class of PGRs termed 'auxins'. Roger J Gautheret (1934) reported the successful culture of cambium cells of several tree species to produce callus and2addition of auxin enhanced the proliferation of his cambial cultures. Further research by Nobecourt (1937), who could successful grow continuous callus cultures of carrot slices and White (1939) who obtained similar results from tumour tissues of hybrid Nicotiana glauca x N langsdorffii. Thus, the possibility of cultivating plant tissues for an unlimited period was independently endorsed by Gautheret, White and Nobecourt in 1939.Adding to the ongoing improvements in the culture media, Johannes Van Overbeek (1941) reported growth of seedlings from heart shaped embryos by enriching culture media with coconut milk besides the usual salts, vitamins and other nutrients. This provided tremendous impetus for further work in embryo culture. Stem tip cultures yielded success when Ernest Ball (1946) devised a method to identify the exact part of shoot meristem that gives rise to whole plant.After 1950, there was an immense advancement in knowledge of effect of PGRs on plant development. The fact that coconut milk (embryo sac fluid) is nutritional requirement for tobacco callus besides auxin, indicated the non auxinic nature of milk. This prompted further research and so other classes of PGRs were recognized. Skoog and Tsui (1957) demonstrated induction of cell division and bud formation in tobacco by adenine. This led to further investigations by Skoog and Miller (1955) who isolated 'kinetin'- a derivative of adenine (6-furyl aminopurine). Kinetin and many such other compounds which show bud promoting activities are collectively called cytokinins, a cell division promoter in cells of highly mature and differentiated tissues. Skoog and Miller worked further to propose the concept of hormonal control of organ formation (1957). Their experiment on tobacco pith cultures showed that high concentration of auxin prmoted rooting and high kinetin induces bud formation or shooting. However, now the concept is altered to multiple factors like source of plant tissue, environmental factors, composition of media, polarity, growth substances being responsible for determination of organogenesis. Besides PGRs, scientists tried to improve culture media by differing essentially in mineral content. In this direction, Murashige and Skoog (1962) prepared a medium by increasing the concentration of salts twenty-five times higher than Knops. This media enhanced the growth of tobacco tissues by five times. Even today MS medium has immense commercial application in tissue culture.Having achieved success and expertise in growth of callus cultures from explants under in vitro conditions, focus now shifted to preparation of single cell cultures. Muir (1953-54) demonstrated that when callus tissues were transferred to liquid medium and subjected to shaking, callus tissues broke into single cells. Bergmann (1960) developed a technique for cloning of these single cells by filtering suspension cultures. This technique called Plating technique is widely used for cloning isolated single protoplasts.Next step for realization of Haberlandt's objectives was development of whole plant from the proliferated tissue of these cells. Vasil and Hilderbrandt were first to regenerate plantlets from colonies of isolated cells of hybrid Nicotiana glutinosa x N tabacum. In 1966, the classical work of Steward on induction of somatic embryos from free cells in carrot suspension cultures brought an important breakthrough by finally demonstrating totipotency of somatic cells, thereby validating the ideas of Haberlandt. This ability of regenerating plants from single somatic cells through normal developmental process had great applications in both plant propagation and also3genetic engineering. For e.g. micropropagation where small amounts of tissue can be used to continuously raise thousand more plants. Morel utilized this application for rapid propagation of orchids and Dahlias. He was also the first scientist to free the orchid and Dahlia plants from virus by cultivating shoot meristem of infected plants.The role of tissue culture in plant genetic engineering was first exemplified by Kanta and Maheshwari (1962). They developed a technique of test tube fertlization which involved growing of excised ovules and pollen grains in the same medium thus overcoming the incompatibility barriers at sexual level. In 1966, Guha and Maheshwari cultured anthers of Datura and raised embryos which developed into haploid plants initiating androgenesis. This discovery received significant attention since plants recovered from doubled haploid cells are homozygous and express all recessive genes thus making them ideal for pure breeding lines.Next breakthrough in application of tissue culture came with isolation and regeneration of protoplasts first demonstrated by Prof. Edward C Cocking in 1960. Plant protoplasts are naked cells from which cell wall has been removed. Cocking produced large quantities of protoplasts by using cell wall degrading enzymes. After success in regeneration of protoplasts, Carlson (1972) isolated protoplasts from Nicotiana glauca x N. langsdorfii and fused them to produce first somatic hybrid. Since then many divergent somatic hybrids have been produced.With the advent of restriction enzymes in early 1970s, tissue culture headed towards a new research area. The totipotent plant cells could now be altered by insertion of specific foreign genes giving rise to genetically modified crops. In 1970, Smith and Nathans isolated first restriction enzyme from Haemophillus influenzae which was later purified and named Hind III. Same year witnessed other nobel prize winning discovery by Baltimore who isolated Reverse transcriptase from RNA tumor viruses. This is a useful enzyme in genetic engineering which functions to convert RNA to DNA and hence useful in construction of complementary DNA from messenger RNA. Another pathbreaking discovery establishing potential of genetic engineering came in 1972 when Paul Berg working at Stanford University produced first recombinant DNA in vitro by combining DNA from SV40 virus with that of lambda virus. This led to construction of first recombinant organism by Cohen and Boyer in 1973. Genetic engineering's potential was first exploited when a man made insulin gene was used to manufacture a human protein in bacteria.Agrobacterium tumefaciens plays a crucial role in plant genetic engineering. The involvement of this bacterium in crown gall disease in plants was recognized as early as 1907 by Smith and Townsend. However, it was in 1974, that Zaenen et aldiscovered that Ti plasmid is the tumor inducing principle of Agrobacterium. This was followed by its successful integration in plants by Chilton et al in 1977. Zambryski et al in 1980 isolated and studied the detailed structure of T-DNA and its border sequences. Soon thereafter in 1984, transformation of tobacco with Agrobacterium was accomplished to develop transgenic plants. Simultaneously, there was an upsurge in development of techniques of genetic engineering in mid 1970s. Sanger et al(1977) and Maxam and Gilbert (1977) reported techniques for large scale DNA sequencing. This was followed by complete genome sequencing projects on many prokaryotes and eukaryotes like Haemophilus influenzae in 1995, E coli in 1997. Human genome was sequenced successfully in 2001, thus laying foundation of genomics which is the main focus of present day biotechnology.4Some of the landmark discoveries are tabulated below:1902Haberlandt proposed concept of in vitro cell culture1966Guha and Maheshwari produced first haploid plants from pollen grains of Datura1904Hannig cultured embryos from several cruciferous species1970Smith and Nathans discovered first restriction enzyme from Haemophilus influenza (HindIII)1922Kolte and Robbins successfully cultured root and stem tips respectively1970Baltimore isolated Reverse transcriptase from RNA tumour virus1926Went discovered first plant growth hormone -Indole acetic acid1972Carlson produced first interspecific hybrid of Nicotianaby protoplast fusion1934White introduced vitamin B as growth supplement in tissue culture media for tomota root tip1972Berg produced first recombinant DNA , combining SV40 virus and λ virus1939Gautheret, White and Nobecourt established endless proliferation of callus cultures1974Zaenen et al discovered Ti plasmid is tumour inducing principle of agrobacterium1941Overbeek was first to add coconut milk for cell division in Datura1975O'Farrel developed high resolution two dimensional gel electrophoresis system1946Ball raised whole plants of Lupinus by shoot tip culture1977Chilton et al successfully integrated Ti plasmid DNA from Agrobacterium tumefaciens in plants1954Muir was first to break callus tissues into single cells1977Sanger, Maxam-Gilbert gave technologies for DNA sequencing1955Skoog and Miller discovered kinetin as cell division hormone1980Zambryski detailed structure of T-DNA and border sequences1957Skoog and Miller gave concept of hormonal control (auxin: cytokinin) of organ formation1983Kary Mullis invented Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), for amplification of DNA.1959Reinert and Steward regenerated embryos from callus clumps and cell suspension of Daucus carota1984Horsh et al developed transgenic tobacco by transformation with Agrobacterium1960Cocking was first to isolate protoplast by enzymatic degradation of cell wall1987Klien et al developed biolistic gene transfer method for plant transformation1960Bergmann filtered cell suspension and isolated single cells by plating1995Fleischmann et al sequenced Haemophilus influenzae1962Murashige and Skoog developed MS medium with higher salt concentration1997Blattner et al sequenced E coli genome1962Kanta and Maheshwari developed test tube fertilization technique2001Human genome Project consortium and Venter et alsequenced human genome successfully1966Steward demonstrated totipotency by regenerating carrot plants from single cells of tomato2005Rice genome sequenced under International Rice Genome Sequencing Project
