Can I be given a comprehensive explanation of tense and participle in grammar?

Answer 1

TENSES

In the English language, in broad terms, there are past, present and future tenses, all of which have some relevance to time. i.e. Past Simple, Present Simple and Future Simple. (Except, of course the present simple tense, which doesn't really refer to time at all but is used in an indefinite sense. e.g. 'I like coffee', = a statement of a truth, with no reference to a definite time period)

The form of the verb changes to reflect the time factor. e.g. I jump, (= indefinite time): I jumped, (= past time); I will jump (= future time). In addition to time, tenses can also indicate the continuation and/or completeness of an action. e.g. # Continuous, progressive action: I was jumping, past continuous; I am jumping, present continuous; I will be jumping, future continuous.

# Completed actions: I have jumped, present perfect; I have been jumping, present perfect continuous; I thought that I had jumped (past perfect) pretty high!

By further analysis of these examples we can see that, in addition to the continuous tense, we also have tenses such as the perfect tense, the perfect continuous tense,etc. We can also see that the Present Simple tense clearly differs from the Present Continuous tense. So there are also tenses such as the Present Perfect Simple, Present Perfect Continuous, and Past Perfect Simple, Past Perfect Continuous, Future Perfect Continuous. ---- Summary: List of six basic tenses of verbs: * Present * Present Perfect * Past * Past Perfect * Future * Future Perfect Plus there are continuous forms of verb tenses.

---- There is also the passive form (or passive voice), which is sometimes called the passive tense ['The Past Passive Tense', Oxford University Press] e.g. Compare

* 'John won the gold medal', (past simple), with

* 'The gold medal was won by John', (past simple passive) -- ------------------ ----- -------------------- --

PARTICIPLES In grammar, 'participles' means a word that is a form of a verb, and that form is used in specific situations, or as an adjective, or to form a verbal noun. * The 'present participle' is the form of the verb that ends with ~ing. * for regular verbs, the 'past participle' ends with ~ed. (watch, watched) But irregular verbs each have unique past participles.

e.g. For the verb 'to take', the past participle is 'taken'

* I take (present simple) my mother to the shops every Friday. * I took (past simple form) my mother to the shops last Friday. * I have taken (present perfect) my mother to the shops every Friday for the past two years. * Compare: A very nice waiter took our order (past simple), with

* Our order was taken by a very nice waiter. = Past simple Passive form, using the 'past participle' of take. PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES e.g. to disturb (verb), disturbed (adjective) * Don't disturb (verb) the hedgehog! Oops! I can now see a very disturbed (adj.) hedgehog! PARTICIPLES AS VERBAL NOUNS

a cutting, or cuttings; shavings; I like riding, running, swimming and fishing.