neither parent can.
yes they can
No, as both signatures are required on the passport.
If he has primary custody or even visitation rights, you cannot take his child far enough away that he cannot readily exercise his custody/visitation rights unless he gives you permission to do so.
If there is a custody agreement in place through the courts, the mother cannot take the child out of state without the fathers consent. If there is no agreement in place, the mother does not have to have the fathers consent.
The duration of A Lady Without Passport is 1.23 hours.
If there are court orders regarding visitation and child support and custody, you will need his and the courts consent. The court orders have to be followed.See related question link.
Custody arrangements by which it is in the best interest of the child without infringement of the mother or fathers rights.
single mothers have sole custody even without a court order.
Not without a custody award.
Not without his fathers and the courts permission.
You already have sole custody
If she has full custody, then yes.
No, not if your mother has sole physical custody. If there is a joint custody arrangement, you'd still need the cooperation of both parents to make it happen.
IF THE MOTHER HAS SOLE CUSTODY
You indicate they have "Contact", but what is the status of Custody? If the Father has visitation, partial or shared custody, legal& or physical....No, you cannot change the Surname of the child without the Fathers explicit consent!!
Provided there's not custody order in place.
That depends on the state as some states the age of majority runs later.
A passport cannot be obtained without the signature of the other parent.