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Try the Goex powder website, they have an extensive database for loads and velocities on cap and ball BP loads, as well as other black powder loads, rifle, shotgun and cartridge. I placed a link in the related links section to the page.
Black powder and smokeless powder are two totally different animals. For all intents smokeless is meant for loading cartridges and black powder is used for muzzle loading fire arms. Black powder can also be used in cartridge loads. You have heard terms referring to a gun in 45-70 on 38-20 or 44-40 calibers. Those numbers refer to the caliber (45) and the amount of black powder in the cartridge (70 grains) Smokeless powder should NEVER be used in place of black powder in muzzle loaders, or in the same volume as black powder in cartridge loads. So depending on what you are shooting both powders have there place.
45 long colt ammo for modern weapons. If black powder weapon should only used re-loads with black powder
Loads that carry more shot and powder.
You need to contact the maker or get a book on Blackpowder shooting that has loads in it. Different types of weapons and projectiles and powders will determine what is a safe load.
45/70 caliber center fire. But NOT factory loads. For the trapdoor the case must be loaded with black powder
It would depend on how the cartridge was loaded, ( powder type and amount and bullet weight's) A modern black powder load would be to about 100 yards. After that the velocity and energy drops dramatically. Smokeless powder loads would extend a bit farther.
Most old Damascus barrels cannot hold the pressures of modern smokeless loads. I doubt that you will find any black powder loads for that type of barrel. Hang it on the wall and admire it.
Yes, the faster twists 1.50 and lower are designed to shoot saboted and / or patched round ball loads.
40-60 grains of black powder. Start at 40 and work up until you see signs of over pressure. Like condition of the cap.
The negative things about the black death are, 1 Loads of people were dieing, 2 Loads of people lost their family.
You will have to be the judge on safe condition to fire, but I have been shooting a Belmont Damascus barred gun for years with black powder loads and also with the substitutes. I have not loaded more than 60 grains and use it for skeet and target plinking. So long as the barrels and lock are in good shape it should be fine.