You should never trust legal advice given on the internet, especially on a topic that depends on state and local laws. Best advice is to call a local lawyer from a blocked number. That said, I do believe that the passenger can claim ownership and deny the knowledge of the rest of the people in the vehicle and take the blame. But if no one takes the blame, everyone is held accountable.
Both the Driver and the Owner are liable for the damages. The driver, whether licensed or not is the primarily liable party. The insured passenger owner is secondarily liable for damages by the unlicensed driver he permitted to operate his vehicle.
Driver - The driver is what casued the incident. Even so, while exiting, person becomes pedestrian, not a passenger
Yes. If the passenger is hurt in an accident caused by the driver, the passenger is fully entitled to sue the driver. In fact even if the passenger is a spouse of the driver, the passenger can sue.
Nope... The passenger's actions are their own ! If they choose to open the door of a moving vehicle - they are responsible for their own injuries !
Whomever is insured and owns the car is ultimately responsible for damage caused by passengers. So if the insured is the driver, then your answer is yes.
the driver and the owner is liable for anything
The driver and the owner is liable.
It would depend upon the circumstances. If the passenger is a fully functioning adult, then yes, it would likely be the passenger's fault. If, however, the passenger was under the charge of the adult driver (such as a young child, or an adult with diminished mental capacity), then it could be argued that the driver created the circumstances in which the crash was liable to occur by placing the passenger in the front seat, and the driver could therefore be found to be at least partially at fault.
No.
If you're meaning liable for damage in a collision, he would only be liable only if he took control of the car and caused the collision. In vehicle theft, they can be charged with 'aiding and abetting' the driver, being knowingly driven in a stolen car. All depending on local state or country laws.
The additional driver
Laws vary from state to state. However, I don't know of anywhere that it is illegal, but it is very irresponsible. If a passenger is in the car when the driver is pulled over for driving without a licence, the passenger may be ticketed or jailed, depending on the state, and the passenger would more than likely get a ride home and nothing more. If you know that the driver of a vehicle is not licensed by the state, you should not ride with that driver. If you are in a car accident, the driver cannot be insured if they are unlicensed, and you could be liable for your hospitalization, ambulance and physician's fees.