There is no reason why it shouldn't. Maybe the prologue contains the essence of the novel, some small morsel of insight that might whet the literary appetite of a new reader.
Then the novel can precede, maybe even from some point chronologically earlier than the time setting of the prologue. As the storyline develops it gradually gets closer to the moments that were epitomised in the prologue. Maybe the prologue could be repeated at that point, and the reader will then more fully grasp the significance of the thoughts expressed in the prologue.
After all, a prologue is just a preliminary narrative, speech or poem. Doubtless, with some novels, it would be ideal to introduce it again, later, in context, where the poignancy of the prologue will be more fully understood and appreciated. One writing tutor says, of a prologue, that it can be "... a scene taken directly from the book - a few paragraphs inserted only to make us keep reading."
The decision whether 'to prologue, or not to prologue' is the author's to make, who will also decide the form of the prologue if one is used. Those wishing to develop their writing skills may wish to make a wide study of novels with prologues, then decide for themselves what advantages there may be in having a prologue. With a broader spectrum of knowledge the author can then make an informed choice regarding prefacing their own novel(s) with a suitable prologue, or not!
For more information, see 'Related links' below.
A preface is something that the writer (or someone else) wants to say about the novel in general: when and where it was published, how the general populous has reacted to it, just how great or influential it has been. A prologue is a part of the story that happens before the main body of the story. It may have a different narrator, point of view, style, theme or what ever. It may even have little if anything to do with the actual story itself.
After a prologue, the main body of the story or performance typically follows. This section continues the narrative or action introduced in the prologue, providing more details and advancing the plot.
After a prologue, the main body of the work typically begins. This is where the story or content of the book starts unfolding. The prologue is designed to set the stage and provide context for what follows.
The Body - novel - was created in 1983.
Body of Evidence - novel - was created in 1991.
The ISBN of Body of Lies - novel - is 0393065030.
Body Double - novel - was created in 2004.
Body Bags - novel - was created in 1999.
The Body Farm - novel - was created in 1995.
Body of Evidence - novel - has 403 pages.
Body of Lies - novel - has 320 pages.
The Body Farm - novel - has 368 pages.