Short answer: No. Their teeth are too small to get a grip on anything large like your finger.
Longer answer: Yes. Although they cannot bite you, Triops (especially wild ones) are breeding grounds for bacteria (as are almost all aquatic animals), and thus you could get an infection or disease if you don't wash your hands after coming in contact with their habitat, or if you touch their habitat with an open cut.
possibly daphnia, baby triops or fairy shrimp. If you have just hatched your triops it is more likely to be fairy shrimp, but if they are over a week old they should have eaten all of the fairy shrimp, daphnia can become a problem when triops are well fed and dont eat them, but they wont hurt the triops
yes it can because triops are cannibals.
Yes, this is because triops are racist, and the females tend to be darker.
According to Wikipedia, there are ten recognized species of triops, and according to "rainbowaq-triops", there are at least 15 known species of triops.
A sandy bottom shouldn't bother triops. In fact triops like sand in the bottom of the tank because they can lay their eggs in the sand and cover them up. This prevents other triops from eating the eggs, and lets you hatch another batch later. Just make sure you wash the sand first, and don't use ocean sand because it contains salt that could mess up the pH for your triops. This link has more information on what kind of sand triops like and how much to add : http://www.triopsguys.com/triop-tank-setup-for-t-australiensis-21/
Yes, Triops are living creatures.
Provided you do everything correctly Triops will breed.
Triops newberryi was created in 1921.
Triops granarius was created in 1864.
Triops australiensis was created in 1895.
Triops longicaudatus was created in 1846.
Triops cancriformis was created in 1801.