water could cause a service engine light to come on, for example, ignition systems are sensitive to moisture and could cause a misfire and turn the light on. You need to find out what code the computer has set. Some auto parts stores have scan tools to loan.
It definitely is a possible cause of it jerking, if it's not an engine mount, service the transmission
No - a small amount will not damage the engine, though may cause it to run badly. However, a larger amount can cause serious damage, and the tank and engine should be drained.
On an interference engine the pistons can hit the valves. That will cause severe internal engine damage.
No, but it can cause severe engine damage if you keep running the engine.
Moisture in the exhaust, or a cold running engine.
most snapped timing belts will in most cases cause engine damage,the only exception would be a freewheeling engine were valve to piston contact would be minimal an interference type engine would cause damage.
NO, but it will cause bad engine performance
The engine will overheat and can cause severe engine damage. The engine will be completely ruined if it is not immediately shut off.
Yes, it can.
Yes
Yes, putting petrol/gasoline in a diesel engine and running it will cause severe damage to the engine.
No, but a lot more oil can cause other damage.