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The German advance into the Soviet Union begun on June 22, 1941 was stopped before the Germans could seize Moscow or Leningrad. The German advance was stopped by a combination of factors, with the weather (snow) being the one cause most cited. However, three other significant factors are also relevant to the failure of the German Army.

The first of these factors was the German failure to prepare for a long campaign that would go beyond September 1941. They had insufficient logistical support (transport vehicles, aircraft & equipment), insufficient amounts of ammunition, winter clothing & replacement troops & equipment, infrastructure (roads & rail lines) & great land distances to cover from the German start positions to the outer reaches of the German advance. Hitler believed that the Soviet Union could be defeated easier than France. Hitler & his Generals had no clear view of what would be required to defeat Stalin.

The second factor, especially for the advance towards Moscow, was the loss of German offensive momentum caused by German losses, the shortage of mobile units, and the overstretched German Armies at the front. Even without the advent of cold & snow the German Panzer units were too weak to seize & hold Moscow. Seizure of a major city requires large numbers of infantry troops, which the Germans did not have near Moscow by December 1941.

The third factor was the last-minute arrival of veteran Soviet reinforcements coming from Siberia. Earlier these Soviet troops had been on the Siberian border with Manchuria watching the Japanese Army & preventing Japanese border incursions. In November 1941, Stalin learned from his spies in Japan, that Japan was not going to help Hitler with an attack into Siberia from China. Instead Japan was going to launch a war against the United States, Great Britain (& Commonwealth), and the Netherlands. Ironically, Hitler believing that victory over the Soviet Union was certain, urged Japan to attack Britain & the United States. This information allowed Stalin to shift much of his Siberian troops to the west to defend Moscow, starting in November 1941.

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