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The citizens of military age (18-45) of the Greek city-states were eligible for call-up for specific military activities and were required to assemble periodically for training. Those who had a panoply of arms (shield, helmet, greaves, cuirass, spear and sword) formed the infantry formation, those who owned a horse (rare for such a poor country) formed the cavalry, and those who had no arms/property were coopted as light infantry with bows, javelins and rocks. When their city was directly threatened, the boys and old men were also expected to turn out. Resident aliens were also required to help defence of the city (and expected to fight well), but were not required for exeditionary forces. The city would usually send only about three quarters of its main forces to fight outside its territory, the remainder being required to garrison the city in their absence. In Sparta, expeditionary forces took seven serfs to each hoplite (armoured warrior) to reduce the chance of a serf uprising in their absence - these serfs were used in the field as servants and light infantry.
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