It can be as little as 0.2 micrometers but the average is 0.6 micrometers.
capillary walls are very thin, often a cell thick. artery walls have two thick layers.
The reason for this is that oxygen and carbon dioxide need to diffuse through this membrane very quickly to re-oxygenate the blood. The thicker the barrier, the longer the process, and since breathing is rather rapid it needs to happen fast.
If their walls are too thick, substances like oxygen and nutrients and waste cannot pass across the cells into or out of the body.
the walls of the alveoli are very thin but strong layers of elastic tissue lines with a single layer of flattened epithelium.
The alveoli is just one cell layer thick so that diffusion of gasses between the capillaries and the alveoli is easy. Simple squamous epithelium are found in the capillary walls and the alveolar walls. They are thin so diffusion is easy.
alveoli
alveoli are arranged in grape like groups to increase surface area in which gas exchange takes place, the walls are very thin just big enough for on cell to pass so that there is an increase in rate of diffusion, walls of alveoli are moist so it also increases the rate of diffusion and the alveoli can stretch so that it prevents the alveoli form over filling with air and damaging the thin walls
The walls of the arteries are very thick in fact artery walls consist of three cell layers.
because otherwise they would be very unstable, as mud is not a very strong material. Also, the thickness of the walls helps to keep the interior cooler in the summer, and warmer in the winter. Sod houses, built on the prairies by the pioneers, were made with very thick walls for the same reason.
Emphysema
Emphysema.