The only difference is that in a Reform congregation a woman is allowed to read from the Torah. Otherwise the Torah is used the same way in both sects. Please note that it is Reform Judaism and NOT Reformed. Reformed would mean that the religion has stopped evolving. Reform Jews believe that Judaism should adjust with the times and that is why it is Reform as opposed to Reformed..it is still changing.
They are Jews who keep the Torah.
Orthodox Jews abide by the commands of the Torah and the Oral Torah (Talmud).
Orthodox Jews or Torah Jews.
I believe you are going for: Orthodox, Conservative, Reformed.
Yes, non-Orthodox Jews can become Orthodox by becoming more observant. Non-Jews can become Orthodox Jews through Orthodox conversion.
"Progressive" implies change. Orthodox Jews are those who believe in God and the Torah, and keep the commands of the Torah (Sabbath, Kashruth, etc.).
It depends on how the term is meant. "Torah Jews" can mean more than one thing. If the definition is: Those who live the laws of the Torah (which is the way the phrase "Torah Jews" is usually used), then it is understandably common to reserve that description for observant Jews. It is indeed customary today to call observant Jews "Torah Jews"; so the answer to the question is Yes. The word "Orthodox" is seen by many Torah Jews to be an exonym, i.e. a term applied to them by non-Orthodox, whereas they prefer the term "Torah Jews". If the definition is: Who is Jewish according to the Torah, then Torah Jews would include non-observant Jews, because they don't cease being Jewish. All Jews, regardless of levels of observance are "Torah Jews" since their Jewishness is derived from the Torah's mandates.
That the Torah is to be obeyed and is the word of God.
God, the Torah, and the Prophets
There is no such thing as a "reformed" Jew. It is called "reform Jew". Reform Jews celebrate passover as a commoration of the exodus of the ancestors of the Jews from Egypt and into freedom, which is the same meaning passover has to Conservative and Orthodox Jews.
Orthodox Jews learn the Torah as God's words and fulfill its laws.
Haredi Jews are ultra orthodox Jews found around the world.