water
In photosynthesis, the noncyclic electron flow produces enzymes called cytochrome b6f complex. Its function is to catalyze the electron transfer of plastoquinol to plastocyanin.
It's a pathway where electrons are transported from photosystem 2 to photosystem 1.
They pass through a series of compounds to photosystem I, losing energy along the way. Photosystem I, like photosystem II, emits high-energy electrons in the light, and the electrons from photosystem II replace these. Photosystem II contains chlorophyll molecules. When a photon (quantum of light) reaches one of these chlorophyll molecules, the light energy activates an electron. This is then passed to the reaction center of the photosystem, where there are two molecules of chlorophyll P680. These pass the electrons to plastoquinone, which, like the chlorophylls, is embedded in the thylakoid membrane. The plastoquinone changes its position within the membrane, and passes the electrons to cytochromes b6 and f. At this stage the electrons part with a significant proportion of their energy, which is used to pump protons (H+) into the thylakoid lumen. These protons will later be used to generate ATP by chemiosmosis. The electrons now pass to plastocyanin, which is outside the membrane on the lumen side. Photosystem I is affected by light in much the same way as photosystem II. Chlorophyll P700 passes an activated electron to ferredoxin, which is in the stroma (the liquid outside the thylakoid). Ferredoxin in turn passes the electrons on, reducing NADP+ to NADPH + H+. Photosystem I accepts electrons from plastocyanin. So, effectively, photosystem II donates electrons to photosystem I, to replace those lost from photosystem I in sunlight. How does photosystem II recover electrons? When it loses an electron, photosystem II becomes an oxidizing agent, and splits water: 2H2O forms 4H+ + 4e- + O2. The electrons return photosystem II to its original state, and the protons add to the H+ concentration in the thylakoid lumen, for later use in chemiosmosis. The oxygen diffuses away.
Electrons in the outermost energy shell (valence shell) have the most energy.
valence electrons
water
water
The electrons that are passed to NADPH during noncyclic photophosphorylation were obtained from water. The ultimate electron and hydrogen acceptor in the noncyclic pathway is NADPH+.
they move through an electron transport chain to photosystem 1
In photosynthesis, the noncyclic electron flow produces enzymes called cytochrome b6f complex. Its function is to catalyze the electron transfer of plastoquinol to plastocyanin.
Photosystem I
Excited electrons are transferred to an electron transport chain.
Excited electrons are transferred to an electron transport chain.
They go into photosystem I.
It's a pathway where electrons are transported from photosystem 2 to photosystem 1.
They go into photosystem I.
The P680 chlorophyll donates a pair of protons to NADPH, which is thus converted to NADP+