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How a bill becomes a law in France?

Updated: 10/26/2022
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11y ago

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Laws in France are created in three steps, very similar to the system used by the United States. In fact, the only major differences are that the Senate is not elected directly (it is elected by local ministers in the provinces), a bill may be proposed by a member of the counsel of ministers, and if the president "veto"s a bill, he can be overridden by a simple re-vote in the legislature (not a 2/3 majority revote).

The steps are:

1. A bill is proposed (proposition de loi) by either a member of the Senate or the National Assembly (similar to the Senate or House in the US), or by one of the Council of Ministers in the Executive Branch (most like the President's Cabinet in the US).

2. The bill is debated in whichever house (Senate or National Assembly) proposed or adopted the bill. If passed in that house, the bill goes to the other house for debate. Usually, the bill's exact wording is then debated by a committee comprising both houses, and the exact language is passed by both houses for a second time. When the bill passes, it goes to the President for signature.

3a. If the President signs the bill, and then it gets signed by the Prime Minister and the relevant counsel of ministers (all of these ministers serve the President, so this part is largely procedural), and it is published as law in the Journal Officiel.

3b. If the President does not want to sign the bill, he may ask for Constitutional Review from the Judiciary, or he can return the bill to the National Assembly and Senate (similar to a veto in the US). If the bill is passed a second time (even by a simple majority) by the legislature, the President must sign it and it is published as law.

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Q: How a bill becomes a law in France?
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