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In the case of both the federal and provincial levels of government, the structure is divided into three components: the executive branch (which is responsible for the day-to-day administration of the state, and is responsible to an elected legislature); the legislative branch(which creates laws); and the judicial branch(which interprets laws).
Executive Branch
The executive branch of both the federal and provincial levels of government consists of the Queen (represented by the Governor General at the federal level, or a Lieutenant Governor at the provincial level) acting on the advice of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada (federal) or the province's Executive Council (provincial). In both cases, these advisors (the prime minister or premier, and ministers) are accountable to the elected legislature. The Government must resign, or the legislature must be dissolved, if these ministers lose the support of elected legislators.
Legislative Branch
The legislative branch of both levels of government consists of the Queen (represented by the Governor General or the Lieutenant Governor, as above), and a legislature. The federal legislature is the Parliament of Canada, and consists of the Senate (an appointed Upper House) and the House of Commons (an elected Lower House). All ten provincial legislatures consist of a single, elected chamber. (It should be noted that most provinces used to be bicameral, with an appointed Upper House; the last of these chambers was abolished in 1968.)
A bill must be passed by both chambers (federally) or the single legislative chamber (provincially) before it is presented for the Royal Assent. At both levels of government, the representative of the Queen can grant the Royal Assent (which is almost always the case), or withhold the Royal Assent (which vetoes the bill). A province's Lieutenant Governor can also forward a bill to the Governor General for consideration, just as the Governor General can forward a bill to the Queen for consideration. The Governor General can disallow (i.e., veto) a provincial bill, even after its enactment, within two (2) years, just as the Queen can with bills passed federally.
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