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Address binding of instructions and data to memory addresses can happen at three different stages:

Compile time: If memory location known a priori, absolute code can be generated; must recompile code if starting location changes.

Load time: Must generate relocateable code if memory location is not known at compile time.

Execution time: Binding delayed until run time if the process can be moved during its execution from one memory segment to another. Need hardware support for address maps (e.g., base and limit registers).

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Q: How are the address binding of instructions and data is carried to memory address?
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A program, to be executed, must be brought to main memory. The instructions that use addresses in a program, must be bound to proper address space in main memory. Address binding is a scheme that performs this job. It can be thought as a mapping from one address space to another. There are bindings available as follows: Compile time binding Load time binding Execution time binding


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