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It depends what you mean by runoff, If you mean fertilizer from a farmers field, whole river ecosystems can be altered.

For example Nitrogen in fertilizer stimulates rapid growth of simple photosynthesising organisms which cover the surface of a water body and block out sunshine. Increased detritus from plant matter is broken down by bacteria which use up oxygen in the process creating an anoxic environment. Animals such as fish cannot survive in these conditions so they die leaving a stagnant water body devoid of the vast majority of life that was originally there.

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Q: How can runoff affect animals that live in the water?
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