A: There is no calculation involved it is specified by the manufacture as a level +/- volts or even current
Digital computers calculate by manipulating encoded symbols using logic circuits.Analog computers calculate in a wide variety of ways with continuous analogous representation of data.
by using buffers however while the logic function for each family remains the same incompatibility is clearly evident. ANSWER: On a single chip it would be handled internally as an example TTL input CMOS output or vice verse
business logic ....refers to the domain specific logic rules,proc,and processes presentation logic......concerned with how objects are displayed to the user of the software
fuzzy logic is a logic which we have to implement in c language
The only charateristic of logic is consistency.
The blocks in a logic gate depends on the logic family we use.A logic gate is designed using a specific logic family. The logic families can be DTL, TTL, CMOS etc.The blocks are different for different logic families.The various blocks in various logic families are:Diode logic: diodes and resistorsDTL logic : diodes and resistorsTTL logic : transistors and resistorsNMOS logic: only NMOS FETsPMOS logic: Only PMOS FETsCMOS logic: Both NMOS and PMOS FETsBiCMOS Logic: both transistors and FETs.
Each logic family has a noise margin (also called "noise immunity") specified by the manufacturer. Manufacturers guarantee that the digital logic will still produce correct results even when some small amount of noise is superimposed on a gate output signal. The maximum amount of such noise that manufacturers are willing to guarantee is the noise margin. In order from highest to lowest noise immunity: high-threshold logic: ??? CMOS has a noise margin of 2.95 volts with a 10 V power supply. CMOS has a noise margin of 1.45 volts with a 5 V power supply. CMOS has a noise margin of 0.6 volts with a 3 V power supply. TTL has a noise margin of 0.3 volts. integrated injection logic (IIL): ???
CMOS logic families tolerate low temperatures because they are designed to. I suppose the why is not public because those would be trade secrets.
One standard load is the load of a typical input of a specified logic family. This is more relevant with bipolar logic families (e.g. RTL, DTL, TTL, ECL, I2L) than MOS logic families (e.g. NMOS, CMOS). Outputs of devices in these logic families are then rated by the number of standard loads they can drive. However when crossing between logic families (e.g. LS TTL to S TTL) the concept of standard loads is less useful and actual high/low state input current loading and output drive capability calculations should usually be made.
AND logic gate is used to obtain the product of two digits. It is used in various combinational and sequential circuits.
TTL Logic Circuits - "Transistor Transistor Logic" - are made using BJTs. They operate from +5 Volts. These are available from simple AND, OR, NAND Gates to complex circuits. The voltage levels are INPUT OUTPUT Low (0) < 0.8V <0.4V High (1) >2.0V >2.4V Levels in between are undefined. The outputs are better than the inputs by 0.4V thus offering a noise margin. These are seldom used these days as other logic families have been introduced offering more advantages like, speed, lower power, wider / lower operating voltage, higher fanouts.
Logic is essential to philosophy because it provides a framework for constructing sound arguments and reasoning. It helps philosophers to analyze and evaluate arguments rigorously, identify fallacies, and clarify concepts. Without logic, philosophical discussions would lack clarity, coherence, and validity.
Digital computers calculate by manipulating encoded symbols using logic circuits.Analog computers calculate in a wide variety of ways with continuous analogous representation of data.
Briefly, TTL uses more power than more modern families.
A logical analyzer is a device that is used to calculate and display digital signals. This is used to debug and evaluate the errors and find improvements that can be performed in digital systems.
TTL - transistor-transistor logic uses connections between transistors to perform logic functions, rather than connections using resistors or diodes.T - transistor input stage (logic section)T - transistor output stage (power gain section)L - logicEarlier logic families like DTL (D - diode input stage) and RTL (R - resistor input stage) used different components in the input circuit and simpler output circuits.Later logic families like IIL (Integrated Injection Logic) and CMOS (Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) used entirely different circuits without separating into input (logic) and output (power gain) stages and significantly reduced power consumption, making dramatically higher levels of integration practical.
There is a small logic we can calculate the load capacity,for that we need Stress and Strain formulas, shearing moment and bending moment, from that we can know where the system fails and works........ DR.....