No generic answer for this question, specify your operating system and compiler.
For example in unix: cc -g -o myprog myprog.c
in linux: gcc -g -W -Wall -pedantic -o myprog myprog.c
I do that with the following command:
gcc -Wall -W -pedantic -g -o myprogram source.c
The former is the right choice: compiler compiles, interpreter doesn't.
Coverts source code into object code
Notepad++ is a text editor, not a compiler. You can however, enter source code into Notepad++ and then compile it with a compiler such as GCC.
The Java compiler translates Java source code to Java byte code.
bootstrapping is a process of writing a compiler in the target programing language which it is intended to compile
Compile Time: In longer form, you might say, "at the time of compiling", or, "when the program is compiled". When you compile a program, the compiler applies various processes to your source code in order to generate the executable files. These are actions that happen "at compile time". Other actions happen when you actually run the finished program. These actions are said to occur, at, or in, "run time".
Coverts source code into object code
Notepad++ is a text editor, not a compiler. You can however, enter source code into Notepad++ and then compile it with a compiler such as GCC.
In most cases, yes. However this varies from compiler to compiler. Typically in my experiences, using gfortran and OpenMPI, F90 code will compile with very minor modification.
Compile time is when the compiler translates your source code into computer language. Run time is when the actual program runs.
Installing a compiler, not just the gcc compiler, is a process where you copy the various executable files to the installation directory, where you copy the various header files to the include directory, where you copy the various library files to the lib directory, in short, where you install the compiler program and configure it so that it can do its work, namely to compile programs. This is no different than installing any other program, such as the game Myst. Building a compiler, on the other hand, is the process where you use a compiler, or other tools, to compile a set of programs that represents the compiler. If this sounds circular, consider this... The game Myst is a program. You install it in order to play it. When you run it, you load and run the executable code that represents Myst. It also has source code, though you probably can not get a copy of that source code. You build Myst by compiling the source code into object code, and then linking an executable from that object code. Building a compiler is no different. It is a program. It has source code. You build it by compiling the source code into object code, and then linking an executable from that object code. When you do this to a compiler, however, you need to distinguish between the compiler that you are building and the compiler that you are using to build the compiler. Sometimes, the compiler is used to compile a new version of itself, in a different directory. Sometimes, a different compiler is used, such as using a simplified version of C to compile a C++ compiler.
The Java compiler translates Java source code to Java byte code.
Compile is a verb.
gcc is a c compiler among many other things. It can also be used to compile code in other languages. gcc is a fairly advanced compiler and is used to compile Linux along with most other free(as in free speech) software.
bootstrapping is a process of writing a compiler in the target programing language which it is intended to compile
You don't. The compiler is used to compile programs, not edit them. Most source code can be edited using a standard text editor.
Compile Time: In longer form, you might say, "at the time of compiling", or, "when the program is compiled". When you compile a program, the compiler applies various processes to your source code in order to generate the executable files. These are actions that happen "at compile time". Other actions happen when you actually run the finished program. These actions are said to occur, at, or in, "run time".
With a compiler. Read the documentation for programming package for help on how to.