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The problems with the rich plebeians were resolved in the 200-year Conflict of the Orders between patricians and plebeians. The problems with the poor plebeians were not resolved.
During the first rebellion of the (poor) plebeian movement (494 BC) the movement created its own leaders, the plebeian tribunes and its own assembly, the plebeian council.
The leaders of the plebeian movement were rich plebeians who wanted to share power with the patricians who monopolised power by monopolising the seats in the senate, the offices of state and the priesthoods.
There were frequent agitations by the plebeian movement which were driven by the economic grievances of the poor plebeians: the abuse of (poor) defaulting debtors by (rich) creditors (large landlords secured labour from the poor peasants through the nexus, debt bondage/slavery) who imprisoned, tortured and sometimes sold as slaves the defaulters; extortionate interest rates on loans; and land shortage for the small peasants who only had allotment-size plots, while the rich landlords appropriated most of the land. The main weapon which was used in these agitations was the refusal to join the levy by the peasant-soldiers or the threat to do so. This was a serious matter because in that period Rome was frequently attacked by neighbouring peoples.
With these agitations the rich plebeians managed to secure new laws which gradually gave them more and more of a share of power. These were:
· The Lex Varleia Horatia de plebiscites (449 BC) which established that bills passed by plebiscites (the resolutions of the plebeian council) carried the force of law and were binding on all roman citizens (including the patricians). However, the bills had to be to be ratified by the senate after the vote.
· Lex Cannuleia de connubio (448 BC) allowed marriage between patricians and plebeians which had been forbidden by table 11.1 of the Law of the Twelve Tables (450 BC).
· The Lex Licinia Sextia (367 BC) opened the office of the consuls (the two annually elected heads of the Republic and the army) to the plebeians.
· The Lex Publilia (339 BC) also established that the laws passed in the plebiscites carried the force of law and were binding on all Roman citizens (including the patricians) like the Lex Valeria Horatia did.
· The Lex Genucia (342 BC) allowed for both consuls to be plebeian. However, the practice was to have one patrician and one plebeian each year.
· The Lex Olgunia (300 BC) opened the priesthoods to the plebeians.
· The Lex Hortensia (284 BC) reiterated that the bills passed in the plebiscites carried the force of law and were binding on all Roman citizens and established that the bills were to be ratified by the senate before the vote instead of after the vote. This eliminated the major weapon the patrician-controlled senate had to obstruct laws proposed by the plebeian tribunes and passed by the plebeian council.
The Lex Licinia Sextia which gave the plebeian access to the consulship (the consuls were the heads of the Republic) was hard fought. The patricians opposed it and the plebeian tribunes made it impossible to elect any officer of state for five years. Livy called this the years of anarchy. It also took a dictator (an extraordinary officer of state with extraordinary powers who was appointed for six months to deal with emergencies) to force the bill through. Other milestones for the rich plebeians were 356 BC, which saw the first plebeian dictator, 351 BC, which saw the first plebeian censor (the third highest office of state), and 337 which saw the first plebeian praetor (the second highest office of state).
The Lex Hortensia is seen by historians and being the measure which ended the Conflict of the Orders.
At the end of the conflict the rich plebeians were co-opted into a patrician-plebeian oligarchy and were given equestrian (cavalryman) status. This was the lower tier of the aristocracy. The patricians were the higher tier of the aristocracy. At this point the rich plebeians turned their backs on the poor plebeians, whose problems were never dealt with adequately.
Wiki User
∙ 10y ago
Wiki User
∙ 10y agoThe grievances of rich and poor plebeians (the commoners)were different.
At the beginning of the Republic the patricians monopolised political power by monopolising the office of consuls (the two annually elected heads of the Republic) the seats of the senate and the priesthoods. The rich plebeians were unhappy with this. This does not mean that they lacked civil rights. They enjoyed all the rights conferred by Roman citizenship including the right to vote. They did not lack opportunities for economic advancement either, as they their being rich shows. It was a question of access to the office of consuls and to the senate and of power-sharing with the patricians.
The concerns of the poor plebeians were different. The grievances of the poor were economic. The earliest issue was the abuse of defaulting debtors. Another issue was debt bondage (rich people could secure the labour of the poor by tying them to themselves through locking them into perpetual indebtedness). Lack of land for poor peasants whose plots were hardly enough to make a living also became a grievance.
The first (poor) plebeian rebellion occurred during the Early Republic, in 494 BC, when the patrician-controlled state refused to provide debt defaulters legal protection from abuse by creditors who could imprison them, torture them and sell them as slaves. During this rebellion the poor plebeians started the plebeian movement and created the leaders of their movement (the plebeian tribunes) and their own assembly, the Plebeian Council. This was the beginning of the 200-year Conflict of the Orders (between patricians and plebeians).
The rich plebeians became the leaders of the movement and used the discontent of the poor to press of power-sharing which they obtained, still during the Early Republic. They gained access to the consulship and the other offices of state which were created as the Republic developed, the senate, and some of the priesthoods. They were co-opted into a patrician-plebeian oligarchy and were given equestrian (cavalryman) status and became the lower tier of the aristocracy. At this point they turned the back s on the poor plebeians, whose grievances were not addressed properly.
During the Mid Republic there were not many plebeian agitations. However, by the Late Republic many peasants had lost their land and migrated to Rome to eke out a living. Poverty became a political hot potato. A new breed of wealthy politicians (both patricians and equestrians) who supported the interests of the poor emerged. They were called the populares. Under their leadership, the plebeian movement regained its militantism. Their plight caused agitations and deep conflict and were part of the causes of some of the Roman civil wars of the Late Republic, which brought down the Republic and led to rule by emperors.
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Wiki User
∙ 6y agoIt was a coalition of imperial oversight with the Senate - the Princeps pulled strings while the Senate ruled. The Princeps from Augustus onwards had the powers of Tribune of the Plebs (veto), pro-consul (authority outside Rome) and control of the border provinces (where the army was).
Wiki User
∙ 10y agoplebeians did not have enough rights so they protested
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