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The Law of the Twelve Tables, which was Rome's first code of laws, did not change. However, Roman law evolved well beyond the Twelve Tables. This already occurred during the period of the Roman Republic. A great many new laws were drawn up and put to the vote of the popular assemblies. Initially the consuls (the two annually elected heads of the Republic) submitted new bills to the vote of the Assembly of the Soldiers. Later during the Republic, the plebeian tribunes became the main proposers of new bills, and these were submitted to the vote of the Plebeian Council. Another way through which Roman law evolved during the Republic was through numerous legislative amendments effected by the Praetors, the annually elected chief justices.

With the establishment of rule by emperors, laws became imperial edicts; that is, laws issued by the emperors. The Law of the Twelve Tables, which by then had become archaic, came to be disregarded.

Roman law applied only to Roman citizens. Therefore, the Romans applied the concept of jus gentium (which is usually translated as law of nations) for the non-Roman subjects of the Roman Empire. This was based on the principle that the concept of justice sprang from the human mind and, therefore, it was applicable irrespective of ethnicity (nation in Latin meant ethnicity). In practical terms, this meant that non-Romans in the empire enjoyed the protections of Roman law in their dealings with Roman citizens. Litigation between Romans and non-Romans was adjudicated by the praetor peregrinus, the chief justice for foreigners, according to the tenets of Roman law. The law of nations became redundant in 215 AD when the emperor Caracalla extended Roman citizenship to all the freeborn non-Roman males who lived in the Roman Empire.

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Rickie Glover

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