During the Middle and Late Roman Republic there was mass impoverishment. Loss of land by peasants was a big problem from the Second Punic War (218-201 BC) on. Many small farms were ravaged by Hannibal's forces during his invasion of Italy and many more were neglected due to the peasants' prolonged military service during that war. The owners of large landed estates took advantage of this to buy land on the cheap from distressed peasants. They were also advantaged by the abundant supply of slave labour created by the war (slaves were war captives). The majority of slaves were bought by rich landlords and were employed in the fields of the large estates. This abundant supply of labour facilitated the productive expansion of the estates. This trend continued and Rome was flooded by dispossessed peasants who migrated there to eke out a living, swelling the masses of the poor.
It directed its administration, governance, wars and expansion.
The expansion in the number of conquered people did not affect Rome's expansion because it was the product of her expansion.
The symbol of the end of Rome's northern expansion was the Antonine Wall across Scotland.The symbol of the end of Rome's northern expansion was the Antonine Wall across Scotland.The symbol of the end of Rome's northern expansion was the Antonine Wall across Scotland.The symbol of the end of Rome's northern expansion was the Antonine Wall across Scotland.The symbol of the end of Rome's northern expansion was the Antonine Wall across Scotland.The symbol of the end of Rome's northern expansion was the Antonine Wall across Scotland.The symbol of the end of Rome's northern expansion was the Antonine Wall across Scotland.The symbol of the end of Rome's northern expansion was the Antonine Wall across Scotland.The symbol of the end of Rome's northern expansion was the Antonine Wall across Scotland.
The symbol of the end of Rome's northern expansion was the Antonine Wall across Scotland.The symbol of the end of Rome's northern expansion was the Antonine Wall across Scotland.The symbol of the end of Rome's northern expansion was the Antonine Wall across Scotland.The symbol of the end of Rome's northern expansion was the Antonine Wall across Scotland.The symbol of the end of Rome's northern expansion was the Antonine Wall across Scotland.The symbol of the end of Rome's northern expansion was the Antonine Wall across Scotland.The symbol of the end of Rome's northern expansion was the Antonine Wall across Scotland.The symbol of the end of Rome's northern expansion was the Antonine Wall across Scotland.The symbol of the end of Rome's northern expansion was the Antonine Wall across Scotland.
The largest social class in ancient Egypt and ancient Rome was farmers due to the rising population. Farmers made up the largest social class in both in Egypt and Ancient Rome and in every society up to the industrial revolution in the 19th century. Peasant farmers were the largest class in all pre-industrial societies.
The rich landowners hired slave labour. With this abundant supply of labour they could expand their landed estates at the expense of the peasant farmers who cultivated small plots of land to feed their families. It is not that these farmers lost their jobs. They were independent farmers. They lost their land and became became landless. In those days most people were peasants. The landless people flocked to Rome to eke out a living there, swelling the masses of the poor.
What???
Poor Roman farmers worked on small plots of land in the countryside of Rome and Italy and in various places around the Roman Empire. During the Rome's expansion into Italy, Rome established many colonies (settlement) to gain control over the lands they gained control of. Many Roman farmers went there to set up small farms. Colonies were also established outside Italy when Rome expanded beyond this peninsula. When the Roman army became professional, many colonies were founded to settle retired soldiers who were given a plot of land to farm on discharge. They were dotted around the empire.
No, farmers enjoyed the protection of Rome with minimal taxes, they loved roman rule, and compared to who they had to answer to next, Rome was freedom.
There were the large landed estates (latifundia) which were worked by slaves and, later servile farmers. Some of them also hired wage labourers. There were farms worked for a landlord by tenant farmers. There were farms owned by the peasant farmers.
civil war
The Roman army was crucial to Rome's expansion because without the army there could not be any expansion. Most of Rome's expansion came through conquests and an army was necessary for this.