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Islam of course.
During what caliphate and time period? Are you even talking about intellectual movements in Islamic regions?
before
Yes. It was during the Rightly-Guided Caliphate that many of the core texts of Islam, especially the Qur'an, were codified. Additionally, upon Mohammed's death, Islam was only an Arabian faith. With the conquests made during Omar's and Othman's Caliphate, Islam became a multi-regional and multi-ethnic faith.
There have been many Muslim Empires dominated by Islam. The last Muslim Empire or Caliphate was Usmani Caliphate (also known as the Ottoman Empire) in Turkey.
William Muir has written: 'The Caliphate' -- subject(s): Caliphate, History 'Mahomet and Islam'
The political centre of Islam was Damascuss under the Umayyad Caliphate.
The Muslim Caliphate is a vicious, Arab theocracy. Thus Arabic and Islam are key to their Propaganda. Thank goodness most Muslims and Arabs are decent, nice people and the Caliphate is collapsing.
Mecca and Medina are two of the most important cities in Islam.
Prophet Muhammad (S) died in the year 632 and the peak of the Rashidun Caliphate was in 654, when Islam spread from Morocco to Iran.
Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) emerged from the War of Independence (1919 - 1922) as an national hero, and abolished the caliphate and Shariah laws. (The Thoughtful Guide to Islam, by Shaykh Fadhlalla Haeri)
The Ummayad Caliphate was overthrown through proselitism and a series of revolts, together with the spread of Islam. It were the Abbasids who overthrew the Umayyad caliphate. They brutally butchered all the members of the Umayyads they could lay hand on.