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In the Early Middle Ages, and in the rest of the middle ages in the West, the Pope was most powerful. In the later middle ages in the East, it was the Patriarch of Constantinople.
There was only one organization that had broad authority over most of western Europe during the Middle Ages, which was the Church. You should understand, however, that the authority of the Church was always limited by secular authority and internal division, and was very often challenged by the various emperors and kings, so to call it the central authority is not entirely accurate.
As Europe gradually emerged from the destruction of the Roman Empire, the church became one of the mainstays of civilization. During the pontificate of Gregory I the Great (590-604), the medieval papacy began to assert its authority. Gregory's achievement was to go beyond the claim of papal primacy in the church by beginning to establish the temporal power of the papacy.
The catholic church.
The king either assumed the authority by might, was appointed by his predecessor (usually inherited). Some were also appointed by the Catholic Church in Rome.
Feudalism.
In the Early Middle Ages, and in the rest of the middle ages in the West, the Pope was most powerful. In the later middle ages in the East, it was the Patriarch of Constantinople.
There was only one organization that had broad authority over most of western Europe during the Middle Ages, which was the Church. You should understand, however, that the authority of the Church was always limited by secular authority and internal division, and was very often challenged by the various emperors and kings, so to call it the central authority is not entirely accurate.
As Europe gradually emerged from the destruction of the Roman Empire, the church became one of the mainstays of civilization. During the pontificate of Gregory I the Great (590-604), the medieval papacy began to assert its authority. Gregory's achievement was to go beyond the claim of papal primacy in the church by beginning to establish the temporal power of the papacy.
The catholic church.
The papacy never did such a thing, and the name for it would be malicious fantasy. Perhaps you are thinking of another present day religion which does this in the name of their God and to help form their military take over of a region.
The period of time from 500 AD to 1500 AD is called the Middle Ages.
The king either assumed the authority by might, was appointed by his predecessor (usually inherited). Some were also appointed by the Catholic Church in Rome.
The history between the Pope and monarchs has not always been a smooth road. The monarchs were not happy with the pope trying to impose his rules in their country. On the other hand the Pope was trying to conquer Europe and expand the Roman Catholic empire.
There was no explorers in the middle ages. When exploration started that is when the middle ages ended.
The third period of the Middle Ages was the Late Middle Ages. The first is called the Early Middle Ages or the Dark Age. The second period was the High Middle Ages.
Early Middle Ages 400 - 700, High Middle Ages 700 - 1300, Late Middle Ages 1300 -1500.