By their color, primarily. There is a very strong correlation between the stars color and it's temperature.
No. Red stars have the lowest surface temperatures while blue stars have the highest.
Blue stars have the highest surface temperature, at over 7,500 Kelvin. The surface temperature of red stars is less than 5,000 Kelvin.
brightness
Different chemicals emit and absorb light at various wavelengths. Astronomers can look at the wavelength of light coming from stars and determine which chemicals must be present.
How close and far something is from you.
No. Red stars have the lowest surface temperatures while blue stars have the highest.
Red stars have the lowest surface temperatures.
compositions and temperatures
This type of diagram is often called a Hertzprung-Russell diagram after two astronomers.
The smallest stars in the main sequence are the stars with cooler surface temperatures.
It can be used to determine a Stars lifetime, its different stages.
Stellar temperature can be measured by analysing the spectrum of light that stars emit; shorter wavelengths correspond to higher temperatures.
because it is awesome
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy
Blue stars have the highest surface temperature, at over 7,500 Kelvin. The surface temperature of red stars is less than 5,000 Kelvin.
By finding a constant, continuous change in the coordinates of stars every year.
brightness