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This was one of the great early puzzles of geology; Charles Darwin found fossil sea shells on the top of the Andes mountains. By chance, an earthquake occurred whilst Darwin was visiting South America which raised the land by several feet, he reasoned that over time, thousands of earthquakes would raise the land by many thousand feet - creating mountains from what was once the ocean floor and thus containing fossil marine animals.

Nowadays, with the discovery of plate tectonics and continental drift, we have a clearer understanding; for example, the Himalayas were formed when the tectonic plate of India collided (and continues to collide) with Asia - forcing up the mountains.

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