By using stress-strain curve.
Elastic
In order to compute the neutral axis of a beam, we need its dimension and shape.
slope=rise/run in other words: slope= y-axis/x-axis
Balance with controlling angle
Most of the materials can be considered elastic at least for a specific range. For example, Wood is elastic when we compare it with glass. Their modulus of elasticity cannot be calculate. However;It is anisotropic material. (its elasticity will be change if your loading parallel to its fibers or perpendicular.)
When the demand curve is horizontal to the x axis, it is said to be elastic and therefore more responsive to changes in price. When the demand curve is vertical, it is more inelastic and consumers will be more apt to purchase a good regardless of the price.
In a tensile test, a specimen of material is pulled apart slowly until it breaks. Measurement is continuously taken of the increase in length and the force applied. The increase in length is normalized by dividing it by the original length, and the force is converted to stress by dividing it by the original cross-section area of the specimen. The results are plotted on a graph, called a stress-strain curve, with the stress on the Y axis and the strain on the X axis. The initial part of the curve is usually linear. That linear section is called the elastic region. The slope of the line in that area, which is stress divided by strain in the elastic region, is the elastic modulus.
elastic
Using a graph to produce an equation which will enable you to work out at which volume 50% of cells will be lysed. For example %lysis on y axis and volume of serum on x axis...
We don't think so.The definition of torque is (strength of the force) x (distance of the force from the axis).It's going to be pretty difficult to evaluate that quantity if the axis isn't specified.
An oval,or more technically an ellipse, has a long ( major) axis and short (minor axis). If major axis length is a and minor length is b, then area, A is A = pi x a x b /4 where pi = 3.14 (approx)