There are many reasons why SQL allows duplicate tuples (rows):To store non-unique values.To simply remove primary keys, unique indexes, and unique constraints.It allows this if there is no unique constraint.
Exists
Tuple is a collection of one or more attributes or rows present in a table.
You calculate the range by subtracting the first and last number in the sequence
Get the biggest number and take away the smaller number
Since relation is a set, and tuples are element of a set, according to set theory, the elements of a set are not ordered.
Selection has more power to reduce size (Number of rows) while projection can not reduce number of tuples
How about 1 and 149. There are an infinite number of pairs, an infinite number of triplets, an infinite number of quadruplets, ... an infinite number of n-tuples. And n, itself, can be infinitely large.
rows are called tuples
Join is used to combine related tuples from two relations . Full outer join cover all possible combinations of common tuples.
A relation is defined as a set of tuples. Mathematically, elements of a set have no order among them; hence, tuples in a relation do not have any particular order. In other words, a relation is not sensitive to the ordering of tuples. Tuple ordering is not part of a relation definition because a relation attempts to represent facts at a logical or abstract level. Many logical orders can be specified on a relation but there is no preference for one logical ordering over another.
A relation is defined as a set of tuples. Mathematically, elements of a set have no order among them; hence, tuples in a relation do not have any particular order. In other words, a relation is not sensitive to the ordering of tuples. Tuple ordering is not part of a relation definition because a relation attempts to represent facts at a logical or abstract level. Many logical orders can be specified on a relation but there is no preference for one logical ordering over another.
How to calculate the number of units sold?
ExtensionThe extension of a given relation is the set of tuples appearing in that relation at any given instance. The extension thus varies with time. It changes as tuples are created, destroyed, and updated.
SQL (Structured Query Language) provides the ability to query, insert, delete, and modify data in a database. It is a standard language used for managing and manipulating relational databases. By using SQL commands, users can interact with the database to retrieve, add, change, or remove data as needed.
A spurious tuple is a record in database that get created when two tables are joined badly. Spurious tuples are created when two tables are joined on attributes that are neither primary keys nor foreign keys. Hopes this will help you .
There are many reasons why SQL allows duplicate tuples (rows):To store non-unique values.To simply remove primary keys, unique indexes, and unique constraints.It allows this if there is no unique constraint.