use the quantum theory
Erwin Schrodinger
Electrons. The number of valence or "free" electrons an atom has determines how it can bond with other atoms.
the number of valence electrons determine the reactivity of the atoms
Valence electrons are: In chemistry, those electrons found in orbits farthest from the nucleus of the atom. These electrons determine the way in which the atom will combine with other atoms, and thus determine its chemical properties.
The general location of electrons in a covalent bond is that electrons are shared in pairs between 2 atoms. If 2 electrons pairs are shared, 4 electrons are shared in all.
Electrons determine the chemical properties of an atom.
The general location of electrons in a covalent bond is that electrons are shared in pairs between 2 atoms. If 2 electrons pairs are shared, 4 electrons are shared in all. They lie between the two nuclei of the bonding atoms. The shared electrons are typically near the middle of the bond between the 2 atoms, in a covalent bond. They may be slightly closer to 1 atom or the other, due to small differences in electronegativity.
Location and momentum. You can determine either, but not both.
They are on the outside of the atom. (Apex 2021)
Electron configuration
As single elementary particles all electrons are identical; but in atoms electrons have different energy and location. The speed of electrons is also different in diverse applications.
These particles are the electrons.