E.coli is used to express human genes because it can be easily grown in the lab. The gene is extracted from the DNA (by doing a partial digest with a restriction enzyme), and given a cohesive sticky end with a linker or adapter. It is then ligated to a plasmid vector, which had a restriction site compatible with the ends on the gene, eg if the plasmid contains a BamH1 site then you would add a linker or adapter which is compatible with the 5'GGATCC3' BamH1 recognition sequence. The cells are transformed (made to take up the plasmid vector) by chemical treatment; they are mixed with the plasmid, then a strong concentration of calcium (Ca2+) ions is added to the mixture to make the E.coli's membranes porous. The mixture is then heated to heat-shock the cells, to approx 50 degrees C for one minute. They are then cooled and allowed to recover in a nutrient rich broth at optimum temperature. This is a very inefficient process - only about 1 cell in every million is transformed. The pUC18 plasmid vector is useful because it contains the gene for ampicillin resistance. Any cells which subsequently grow on a medium containing ampicillin, therefore, have been transformed with the plasmid vector. It is also useful because it contains a beta-galactosidase gene, which itself contains the recognition site for a number of restriction enzymes, including BamH1. This is good because you can tell if the vector has taken up the gene you are trying to express when the vector no longer codes for the beta-galactosidase protein product. If the vector has been ligated with the gene, the gene will have disrupted the beta-galactosidase gene. This can be tested with IPTG (an auto-inducer) and X-gal, which will turn colonies of E.coli with the beta-galactosidase gene intact blue (ie, those without the gene of interest). Colonies which have had their beta-galactosidase gene destroyed by the ligation of the gene of interest will be colourless in the presence of X-gal and IPTG. These colonies are all clonal, so all cells in colourless colonies contain copies of the pUC18 plasmid vector which has been ligated with the human gene.
its genes are well known
mostly E coli will be found in the intestine and rectum
no they can not
E. coli that contains the gene for human insulin is genetically engineered, transgenic, and a GMO. Bacteria have been engineered to produce chymotrypsin, make human insulin, produce enzymes that increase shelf life of bread, and to produce enzymes that improve the taste and clarity of beer.
the insulin gene was inserted into it. E. coli doesn't naturally produce insulin. It needs to be engineered to do so.
E coli is a type of bacteria that is present in the human gut and can cause food poisoning. E coli is prokaryotic and not eukaryotic.
There are many types of E. coli. Some do express motility; which can be determined with the results of a MIO test.
Escherichi coli (E. coli) bacteria provide a good example of gene regulation - E. coli bacteria are genetically encoded to regulate production of enzymes that digest lactose only when lactose is present and no glucose is available.
gene expression occurring at transcription
There are many different strains of E. coli; some are harmful and some are not. A healthy human intestine will be inhabited by the harmless kind.
E. coli is the name of a species of bacteria that is adapted to living in the human intestines.
Everyone who travels abroad does so with E. coli. It's part of normal human gut bacteria.