Most music publishers have simple forms on their websites for requesting permission to photocopy.
No, because it is considered "sharing" music.
It depends on the materials--images, music, video, they're all different.
I need permission to copy when I'm at school.
Yes. It is illegal to copy and paste music and movies. You need expressed permission from the labels to do that. That's what copyright protection is (and DRM).
Yes, it can still be considered stealing if you return the item you borrowed without permission.
Borrowed chords in music theory are chords that are borrowed from a different key than the one the song is in. They add color and variety to the music, creating unexpected and interesting harmonic movements.
Unless you have the rights or permission to copy a DVD, never.
If you have shot your own video or written your own music, and someone else copies it without your written permission, then you can ask YouTube to remove that person's copy. If you created the music and the images yourself, you can do anything you want with it. If someone else created it, you have to get their permission.
Photographers will keep a copy of the image without the watermark. If they have given you the rights to the image or permission to use the image without the watermark then they will provide you with that copy.
It is illegal to make a copy of a passport without the owner's permission. If you need a copy for a specific purpose, such as a job application or travel documentation, you should ask the passport holder to provide a copy themselves. Making a copy without permission can lead to legal consequences.
It is true that southern gospel music borrowed from bluegrass and country music (among many other genres, including jazz).
Take them to small claims court for the damages. If they didn't have permission, you should have reported it stolen and had them arrested.