Microsoft does not develop Visual Studio for Linux - the closest available thing is MonoDevelop. It looks and acts similar to VS, and can be found in most distribution repositories
Yes, if installed using Wine.
You can install and run Microsoft Office in Linux, yes. You will need to install it separately, however; you can't just run the programs off your Windowspartition in Linux.
On Linux you probably already have all or most of the needed tools, so you just run, configure, make, and make install. If it is your first time, you may need to install additional libraries and tweak the configuration. On Windows, you need to install Microsoft Visual C++ with some additional steps explained in the link I am adding as a reference.
Some will, if you install Mono. By default, most Linux distributions do not include support for them, though.
Microsoft has free versions of their Visual Studio languages, C++, one of the best ways to learn C++ is on a Linux/Unix system, and you can try C-Free. Many C++ compilers are availabe for free use online.
It is a CD the has some form of Linux, an operating system for your computer (Microsoft Windows is an operating system). There are CDs of Linux that are just used to install Linux, or there are LiveCDs that you just put in and reboot. Linux will be running without effecting the rest of the computer.
System software is a software which controls and coordinates computer operation and makes the computer into functional. example - MicroSoft Windows 2000, LINUX, Mac OS X, etc. Application software is a set of methods, functions and procedures that perform useful tasks, simplify, automate or solve problems. example - Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Visual Studio, EMACS, etc.
Microsoft does not provide a Mac version of Visual Basic. Mac developers would use something like Real Studio (See links below) which offers VB compatibility as well as Mac / Windows / Linux cross platform support.
There is no version of Visual Basic for Linux or Mac OS.
Basic and C++ are two different languages. You can have them both, but you need to install them. By default Windows OSes do not have it. When Linux based have an option to install C++ compiler.
Yes. LMMS is open-source and as of the time of writing this answer, it is and will be free-of-charge to download, copy, install, and use for the forseeable future.
The Linux kernel and the many off-shoot operating system distributions (Ubuntu, Linux Mint, and so on) are classed as open source and have nothing to do with Microsoft.