If you have corrosion problem then you also have a moisture problem. Clean up the corrosion problem first before the resistance of the connection causes heat and wire burn off. Once cleaned, there is a product on the market that can be sprayed on to the connection which will create a barrier to the moisture laden air. Once this barrier is in place the problem should be resolved. An effort should be made to remove the moisture from the air, maybe with a dehumidifier.
The term "double pole" usually means a breaker with 2 handles that attaches in the space as a normal single pole breaker. If this is what you mean, no, you cannot. There is no potential, or voltage, between the wire terminals. If by "double pole" you mean what is usually called a 2-pole breaker, which is a breaker with 2 handles that attaches in the space of 2 single pole breakers, then yes, you can use this breaker and 12/2 wire to produce a 220v circuit.
#10 copper
Almost all circuit breakers are rated for copper (cu) or aluminum (al), there is a label on every breaker made, as long as it has the (al) marking it is suitable for use with aluminum wire
A #3 copper conductor with an insulation factor of 90 degrees C is rated for 105 amps.
In the United States, if the wire is #8 copper or larger (smaller number) it will work fine on a 40 amp breaker. If the wire is #10 copper, there is something wrong with the breaker if it does not fit. Pull the breaker out of the panel and look into where the wire terminates to see why the #10 wire won't fit.
Baking soda/water will neutralize. You can use a wire brush on terminals or one of those post cleaners with wire inside (if you have posts) Sandpaper works too. Also, if you put a copper penny between & can keep it there, the corrosion will attack it vs terminals.
The term "double pole" usually means a breaker with 2 handles that attaches in the space as a normal single pole breaker. If this is what you mean, no, you cannot. There is no potential, or voltage, between the wire terminals. If by "double pole" you mean what is usually called a 2-pole breaker, which is a breaker with 2 handles that attaches in the space of 2 single pole breakers, then yes, you can use this breaker and 12/2 wire to produce a 220v circuit.
The NEC requires that if the intended rating of a circuit corresponds to a standard size breaker then that size breaker must be used. In most instances, "rating of a circuit" means the intended connected load plus 25%. If the intended rating of a circuit does not correspond to a standard size breaker, you can go up to the next standard size without any other adjustments. In most circumstances, besides what I've already stated, a 14 gauge copper wire cannot be connected to a breaker larger than 15 amps, 12 gauge copper to a 20 amp breaker, and 10 gauge copper to a 30 amp breaker.
#10 copper
AWG 2/0 copper wire.
Almost all circuit breakers are rated for copper (cu) or aluminum (al), there is a label on every breaker made, as long as it has the (al) marking it is suitable for use with aluminum wire
A #3 copper conductor with an insulation factor of 90 degrees C is rated for 105 amps.
Typical residential electric dryers are on 30 amp circuits, which means 10 gage copper wire. The circuit breaker should match the dryer cord rating, generally 30 amps.
In the United States, if the wire is #8 copper or larger (smaller number) it will work fine on a 40 amp breaker. If the wire is #10 copper, there is something wrong with the breaker if it does not fit. Pull the breaker out of the panel and look into where the wire terminates to see why the #10 wire won't fit.
corrosion
it is coated in copper. copper prevent corrosion.
120 amps The above answer is wrong. A 60 amp breaker is designed to trip at 60 amps be it a single pole, double pole or a triple pole that is used on three phase equipment. The number on the handle of a breaker is the trip capacity.