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Yes. You can purchase different intake manifolds and carburetor adapters to get you from almost anything to almost anything. Your results may vary.
Mounted on the engine block. Follow the fuel lines from the carburetor backward and you will find the pump.
If 1977 is not a miss print, then that means you have a carburetor that the chock is not closing when the engine is cold or the Accelerator pump is not working.
It is possible if some company makes a kit for this year and this engine. Try Summit Racing or The Autopartsshop.
On my 1977 Ford 302 engine it was mounted on the back of a spacer between the carburetor and the intake manifold - underneath the air filter - I don't know if yours is the same
Manual choke
From the factory it should be equipped with a Rochester Q-Jet.
Marvel Mystery Oil works well.
No. Just a standard 305 with a 2 barrel carburetor.
I don't know if it is the same but the EGR valve on my 1977 Ford 302 was underneath the carburetor at the back of a spacer
It is either in the fuel line or it is on the passenger side of the carburetor .
No. Carburaters typically do not have governors except for fleet vehicles.