These are "variable stars" because their brightness goes up and down with regularity. It was discovered that the frequency depends on the average brightness. So if you see a very dim star behaving as a Cepheid then you can tell how bright it is basically, and then its dimness tells you how far away it must be. Discovering such stars in distant galaxies was a major factor in figuring out the universe is expanding (Hubble).
about 10,000000km
Map scale
making you fly high in the sky
The scale bar on a map helps you measure distance. It represents the relationship between the distances on the map to the actual distances on the Earth's surface. By using the scale bar, you can accurately determine the distance between two points on the map.
A map scale.
Gravity
A map scale.
AU is not used to measure the distances on earth, because a astronomical unit is a unit of measurement equal to the distance between Earth and Sun. So that's why you cannot use Au for measure the distances on Earth.
Gravity
Stellar distances are measured in light-years, which is the average distance between the Earth and the Sun.
scale
Astrometry: The study of the movement of the stars relative to the position of the Earth to determine precise measurements and distances from the Earth to those stars.