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These are "variable stars" because their brightness goes up and down with regularity. It was discovered that the frequency depends on the average brightness. So if you see a very dim star behaving as a Cepheid then you can tell how bright it is basically, and then its dimness tells you how far away it must be. Discovering such stars in distant galaxies was a major factor in figuring out the universe is expanding (Hubble).

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Q: How do you use Cephids to determine the distances between earth and stars?
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