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Bytes can be written using hexadecimal, octal or decimal notation. A numeral with no prefix is always regarded as decimal. If prefixed with a leading zero it is deemed octal and if prefixed with 0x it is deemed hexadecimal. The following shows the three ways to write the decimal value 255:
255 (decimal)
0377 (octal)
0xff (hexadecimal)
Hexadecimal is the generally the most convenient method of notation since each hexadecimal digit represents exactly 4-bits (a half byte or a nybble). An octal digit represents exactly 3 bits and is useful for notating bytes in groups of 3 bits. A 24-bit integer is both a multiple of 3 and 4 so it can be notated using 8 octal digits or 6 hexadecimal digits.
Individual bytes are best stored using the uint8_t alias (defined in the <cstdint> standard library header) as this guarantees an 8-bit byte in the positive range 0 to 255 decimal. To store several contiguous bytes, use a vector of uint8_t:
std::vector<uint8_t> bytes;
bytes.push_back (255);
bytes.push_back (0377);
bytes.push_back (0xff);
The above example pushes the value 255 onto the back of the vector three times, using decimal, octal and hexadecimal notation.
You can also write contiguous bytes in multiples of 2, 4 and 8 bytes using uint16_t, uint32_t and uint64_t aliases respectively. Thus if you need a 64-bit value, use the uint64_t alias.
uint64_t word = 0xffffffffffffffff; // maximum value
Wiki User
∙ 9y ago
Wiki User
∙ 9y agoBytes can be written using hexadecimal, octal or decimal notation. A numeral with no prefix is always regarded as decimal. If prefixed with a leading zero it is deemed octal and if prefixed with 0x it is deemed hexadecimal. The following shows the three ways to write the decimal value 255:
255 (decimal)
0377 (octal)
0xff (hexadecimal)
Hexadecimal is the generally the most convenient method of notation since each hexadecimal digit represents exactly 4-bits (a half byte or a nybble). An octal digit represents exactly 3 bits and is useful for notating bytes in groups of 3 bits. A 24-bit integer is both a multiple of 3 and 4 so it can be notated using 8 octal digits or 6 hexadecimal digits.
Individual bytes are best stored using the uint8_t alias (defined in the
std::vector
bytes.push_back (255);
bytes.push_back (0377);
bytes.push_back (0xff);
The above example pushes the value 255 onto the back of the vector three times, using decimal, octal and hexadecimal notation.
You can also write contiguous bytes in multiples of 2, 4 and 8 bytes using uint16_t, uint32_t and uint64_t aliases respectively. Thus if you need a 64-bit value, use the uint64_t alias.
uint64_t word = 0xffffffffffffffff; // maximum value
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What does the header file in c consists of?
Headers are primarily used to separate interfaces from implementations in order to provide modularity and organisation of code. Headers typically contain declarations of related data types, classes and functions while corresponding source files contain the implementations or definitions for those types. The only real exceptions are template functions and classes which must be fully-defined within the header. By separating the interfaces from the implementations, other source files can make use of those interfaces simply by including the appropriate headers. All headers must use header guards to ensure each is only included once in any compilation. Headers can also include other headers, however this is only necessary if the header requires access to the interface contained therein. For instance, if the header declares a derived class, the base class header must be included as the derived class declaration needs to know the interface details of its base class. Similarly if a class contains an embedded class member, the interface for that member must be known. Pointers and references to types do not require interfaces, thus a forward declaration suffices. However, if a header includes an inline implementation that requires an interface (such as an accessor that returns a type by value, or that invokes a method of a type), the appropriate header for that type must be included. All types that can be forward declared in a header must be included in the header's corresponding source file. The one exception to separating interface from implementations is when creating template functions or classes. Templates must be fully-defined thus all implementation details must be available from the header alone. One way of maintaining separation is to have the header include the source file rather than the other way around. However, the inclusion must come after the interface declaration, and the source must not include the header.
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What does the header file in c consists of?
Headers are primarily used to separate interfaces from implementations in order to provide modularity and organisation of code. Headers typically contain declarations of related data types, classes and functions while corresponding source files contain the implementations or definitions for those types. The only real exceptions are template functions and classes which must be fully-defined within the header. By separating the interfaces from the implementations, other source files can make use of those interfaces simply by including the appropriate headers. All headers must use header guards to ensure each is only included once in any compilation. Headers can also include other headers, however this is only necessary if the header requires access to the interface contained therein. For instance, if the header declares a derived class, the base class header must be included as the derived class declaration needs to know the interface details of its base class. Similarly if a class contains an embedded class member, the interface for that member must be known. Pointers and references to types do not require interfaces, thus a forward declaration suffices. However, if a header includes an inline implementation that requires an interface (such as an accessor that returns a type by value, or that invokes a method of a type), the appropriate header for that type must be included. All types that can be forward declared in a header must be included in the header's corresponding source file. The one exception to separating interface from implementations is when creating template functions or classes. Templates must be fully-defined thus all implementation details must be available from the header alone. One way of maintaining separation is to have the header include the source file rather than the other way around. However, the inclusion must come after the interface declaration, and the source must not include the header.
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Approx. 9.3 Gigabytes!
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