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How does a computer distinguish programs from data?

Updated: 8/9/2019
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Binary executables (machine code programs) have a header that tells the operating system what type of executable it is and that determines the layout of the file. If the file is in a recognizable format, the program loader will load the text segment (the machine code) in one region of memory and the data segment in another region. After setting up the main thread's call stack in yet another region of memory, the loader will execute the machine code.

The file extension can be used to give a hint to the operating system what type of file it is. In Windows, for instance, executable machine code programs have a .exe file extension while dynamic link libraries have a .dll extension. However, the operating system does not rely on the extension alone, the file must also contain a recognizable header.

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Q: How does a computer distinguish programs from data?
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