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Pre stressting, post stressing and loading.
STIRRUPS
Concrete is composed of cement and other cementitious materials such as fly ash and slag cement, coarse aggregate made of crushed stone, fine aggregate such as sand, water, and chemical admixtures. In reinforced concrete, steel is introduced in to the concrete. In plain concrete, no steel reinforcement is introduced. Generally tensile and compressive strength is taken by reinforced concrete and only compressive strength is taken by plain concrete
In reinforced concrete construction, the modular ratio refers to the modulus of elasticity of concrete to that of steel. It is used in structural design calculations to determine distribution of stresses between concrete and steel in beams and columns.
It is the one in which tensile stresses in the concrete are entirely obviated at working loads by having sufficiently high pre-stress in the member.
Actually concrete is not very good in tension therefore we have to introduce reinforcement which takes care of the tensile stresses. If we don't provide reinforcement, concrete will start showing cracks wherever tensile stresses overcome the concrete tensile strength.
Vernon Peter Jensen has written: 'Ultimate strength of reinforced concrete beams as related to the plasticity ratio of concrete' -- subject(s): Reinforced concrete, Girders, Testing, Strains and stresses 'Highway slab-bridges with curbs' -- subject(s): Girders, Bridges, Concrete, Strains and stresses, Concrete Bridges 'Solutions of certain rectangular slabs continuous over flexible supports' -- subject(s): Girders, Bridges, Concrete, Strains and stresses, Concrete Bridges
Pre stressting, post stressing and loading.
STIRRUPS
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Concrete expands as it gets warmer and contracts as it gets colder. Left to itself these size changes can lead to cracks occurring, if different parts of the structure heats up/cools off at a different rate than other parts. By dividing the concrete into sections separated by joints that allow for some movement the thermal stresses can be managed and the risk of the concrete cracking goes away.
Eivind Hognestad has written: 'What do we know about diagonal tension and web reinforcement in concrete?' -- subject(s): Shear (Mechanics), Concrete beams, Reinforced concrete construction, Strains and stresses
Concrete is composed of cement and other cementitious materials such as fly ash and slag cement, coarse aggregate made of crushed stone, fine aggregate such as sand, water, and chemical admixtures. In reinforced concrete, steel is introduced in to the concrete. In plain concrete, no steel reinforcement is introduced. Generally tensile and compressive strength is taken by reinforced concrete and only compressive strength is taken by plain concrete
Asim Yeginobali has written: 'Continuous skewed slabs' -- subject(s): Bridges, Concrete, Concrete Bridges, Elastic plates and shells, Strains and stresses
Dalzell Melvin Griffith has written: 'Wind stresses in reinforced concrete buildings'
In reinforced concrete construction, the modular ratio refers to the modulus of elasticity of concrete to that of steel. It is used in structural design calculations to determine distribution of stresses between concrete and steel in beams and columns.
Thickened edges are not normally required since the design is for free edge stresses.