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The fall of the western part of the Roman Empire begun in 406 AD when Germanic peoples (the Vandals, Sueves and Burgundians) and an Iranian-speaking people (the Alans) crossed the river Rhine and invaded Gaul. These peoples and other Germanic peoples, the Alemanni, Visigoths and Franks eventually took over all the lands of this part of the empire except for Italy. The Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians, also Germanic peoples, migrated to Britain in waves and took it over. Historians use 476 as a conventional date for the end of the western part of the Roman Empire. This was the year when the last emperor in the west, Romulus Augustus was deposed.

The eastern part of the Roman Empire was not affected by these invasions and continued to exist for another 1,000 years.

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