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Marbury v. Madison, 5 US 137 (1803)
Attorney Charles Lee filed the original motion for a writ of mandamus ordering James Madison to deliver his clients' commissions on December 16, 1801. The case was originally scheduled to be heard in the Supreme Court on June 4, 1802, but Congress suspended the 1802 Terms of the Supreme Court when the repealed the Judiciary Act of 1801, so the trial was rescheduled for February 11, 1803. Chief Justice John Marshall delivered the opinion of the Court on February 24, 1803.
In total, approximately 14 and one-half months elapsed from the time the case was filed until it was finally resolved.
For more information, see Related Question, below.
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What famous case established the supreme court's right to exercise the power of judicial review?
Marbury v. Madison (1803). This is a strange case because the actual holding of it was that the Supreme Court would not help Mr. Marbury in this case. The Court gained power in the long-term by saying they did not have authority to interfere in this particular case.
What was Thomas Jefferson's reaction to John Marshall's decision in the Marbury v. Madison case?
Marbury v. Madison, 5 US 137 (1803)Marshall's decision in Marbury v. Madison, (1803) infuriated President Jefferson, in part because Marshall delivered the President a long, humiliating lecture; but in larger part because Marshall cleverly constructed his ruling to appear favorable to Jefferson by openly establishing the Court's right of judicial review.Jefferson strongly opposed judicial review, believing it gave the Court too much power, which the President was certain would be abused.Jefferson's mistake was ignoring the Court and brushing off Marbury's case as too unimportant to bother with. In fact, he never sent an attorney to represent the government's interests before the Court. This error in judgment made Jefferson appear to agree with Marshall that the purpose of the Judicial branch (more specifically the Supreme Court) was to interpret the Constitution and ensure laws adhered to its principles. Jefferson became an accomplice in strengthening the power of the Judicial branch, a role he would never have accepted willingly.
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Why was Marbury vs Madison important an important US Supreme Court case?
Marbury v Madison, (1803) is credited with being the case in which Chief Justice John Marshall formally established the Judicial Branch's (specifically, the US Supreme Court's) right of judicial review.The doctrine of judicial review is the authority of a court to evaluate the constitutionality of a law, executive order, treaty or policy relevant to a case under review. If the law is determined to be in conflict with constitutional principles, the Court can nullify the law and render it unenforceable.In Marbury, Chief Justice Marshall declared Congress has overstepped its constitutional authority when it attempted to expand the Supreme Court's original jurisdiction by empowering the Court to issue writs of mandamus (a court order compelling an official action) against government officials.Since the Constitution did not expressly state the Supreme Court had original jurisdiction, Marshall reasoned the Court could only issue those writs under its appellate jurisdiction (on appeal, after another court had ruled first). As a result, Marshall overturned as unconstitutional Section 13 of the Judiciary Act of 1789.This was the first time the Supreme Court declared an Act of Congress unconstitutional. Judicial review gave the Court a means of checking the power of the Legislative and Executive Branches of government, and elevated the Judicial Branch to a co-equal status in government.Case Citation:Marbury v. Madison, 5 US 137 (1803)
What was the real motive behind Marbury v Madison?
This case was really a political case, a case of politics, testing the limits of the new government. Thomas Jefferson called the decision a defeat of the very limitation of powers the constitution was intended for, making the Judiciary the most powerful force in government and the most vulnerable to corruption. The long version is: The Federalists and Republicans were in a fight over control of the government, the federalists were a majority for the first two presidents but lost to the republicans for the third (Thomas Jefferson). The Federalists had stacked the courts, through appointments for life, with federalists (thereby finding a loophole in the constitution), but at least one of these appointments was not delivered (William Marbury's appointment). The court ruled that Marbury's appointment should have been delivered, but also ruled that the act was void to start with. This essentially entrenched the court with life long appointments of political control, a loophole that even today still exists in the Judiciary of the United States because citizens of the United States have no say or control over their appointments for life.
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Did Marbury win because Chief Justice John Marshall was on his side?
Marbury v. Madison, 5 US 137 (1803)No. First, Marbury didn't really win the case. Chief Justice Marshall delivered a long lecture to President Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans, but the actual decision was that the Supreme Court didn't have jurisdiction (authority) to hear the case. This gave each side a partial victory.Marbury was vindicated because John Marshall stated he was entitled to the justice of the peace position to which John Adams appointed him, but that Marbury would have to refile his grievance in a lower court. Madison and Jefferson also had a partial victory, because they weren't ordered to deliver Marbury's commission, a decision that could have resulted in an open power struggle between the Executive and Judicial branches, and between the Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties.Marshall wisely concluded that the Judicial branch would be weakened if Madison ignored a ruling against him. Instead, Marshall used the rule of law to declare Section 13 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional. In Section 13, Congress had bestowed on the US Supreme Court the power to issue writs of mandamus (a court order compelling an official to take a legal action) against federal government officials under original jurisdiction (as a trial court). Marshall argued Congress had improperly attempted to change the Constitution and nullified that part of the Act. This clearly affirmed the Supreme Court's role as interpreter of the Constitution, and established the Chief Justice's intention to place a check on the power of Congress through judicial review (of laws).Marbury never refiled his case in the lower court, demonstrating the conflict was political and had served its purpose. The Judicial branch, and the Supreme Court as head of the judicial branch, were the real winners in the case.For more information, see Related Questions, below.
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What was the long-term significance of the decision of Marbury v. Madison for the US government?
The Court decided that Marbury's request for a writ of mandamus was based on a law passed by Congress that the Court held to be unconstitutional. The Court decided unanimously (4-0) that the federal law contradicted the Constitution, and since the Constitution is the Supreme Law of the Land, it must reign supreme. Through this case, Chief Justice John Marshall established the power of judicial review: the power of the Court not only to interpret the constitutionality of a law or statute but also to carry out the process and enforce its decision.This case is the Court's first elaborate statement of its power of judicial review. In language which remains relevant today, Chief Justice Marshall said, "lt is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is." Nowhere in the Constitution does the Court have the power that Chief Justice Marshall proclaimed. Despite there being no mention of such power in the Constitution, since 1803, our Nation has assumed the two chief principles of this case: that when there is a conflict between the Constitution and a federal or state law, the Constitution is supreme; and that it is the job of the Court to interpret the laws of the United States.Case Citation:Marbury v. Madison, 5 US 137 (1803)
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