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Europe has always been divided after the fall of the Roman Empire and still is. In the Middle Ages it was divided into kingdoms, principalities, duchies, bishoprics, and city-states. In the nineteenth century there was the development of the modern nation-states into which Europe is still divided.

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It was the western part of the Roman Empire which collapsed under the weight of the Germanic invasions. The eastern part of the Roman Empire was not affected by these invasions and continued to exist for nearly 1,000 years. Historians have coined the term Byzantine Empire to indicate the eastern part of the Roman Empire after the fall of the western part.

Several kingdoms were created on the former lands of the western part of the empire: the kingdom of the Vandals in north-western Africa, the kingdom of the Visigoths in Spain and Portugal, the kingdom of the Burgundians in eastern France and the Kingdom of the Franks in Holland south of the River Rhine, Belgium, northern, central and south-western Gaul. The Ostrogoths formed a kingdom in Italy, the former Yugoslavia and western Hungary.

The Franks formed the strongest kingdom and conquered the whole of France, the rest of Holland, southern Germany, Switzerland and Austria. Pepin then conquered northern and central Italy on behalf of the pope. His son Charlemagne created the Carolingian Empire and conquered northern Spain and northern Germany. Therefore, this empire covered most of mainland Western Europe.

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Q: How long was Europe divided after the fall of the roman empire?
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